Primates of Our Time an Example by

Primates of Our Time Exploitation of animals by science for testing newly-invented drugs has been the topic of debates all over the world, especially in Europe and the United States. Mankinds apparent granting, during the past decades, of some form of rights to animals only resulted in raising new questions to old problems, creating a great divide among our political leaders and among the scientists themselves. Apes in particular, being the genetically-closest animal to man, have recently been the cause of debates among the moralists of our society. Need essay sample on "Primates of Our Time" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Undergraduates Frequently Tell EssayLab specialists: How much do I have to pay someone to write my essay in time? Essay writer professionals recommend: Follow Essaylab Writing Service Main Body In the United States alone, over 60,000 laboratory experiments are being done on primates yearly. While in Europe, despite the successful banning of experimentation on the great apes like gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans, 10,000 experiments yearly are still being done on marmosets and macaques, which Britain has the most with over 4,000 (McKie, 2008). With these staggering numbers of experiments done in the name of Medicine, it is not surprising for some scientists to have differing opinions. Against Among those who are for the total prevention of experimentation on primates, inhumane system and cruelty have been the main concern, especially with the case of the primates, easily one of the most intelligent creatures on our planet. In a report by Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments, or Frame, they stated that the excruciatingly painful procedure and the condition of a lifetime of medical operations make it unethical to pursue such studies for the sake of human illness (McKie, 2008). Two past incidents are being cited by Nicky Gordon, of Dr. Hadwen Trust for Humane Research, as examples of the need to put a stop to these types of experiments. One of which is the case with animal tests for cosmetics. Earlier allegations by some that no other alternatives exist other animal testing on cosmetics were proven false. After the implementation of its banning, the scientists were quick to find alternative means. Banning on the use of primates would result in the same conclusion, they attest (McKie, 2008). Another is the repeated laboratory findings that despite of malaria vaccines being tested successfully in primates, it has not resulted in humans developing immunity for the virus, thus putting all the exhaustive studies to waste. In Favor An Oxford neuroscientist, Tipu Aziz, is one of those in favor of the continued experimentation on primates. He explains that it was through this method that he learned of the correct way of driving electrodes into the brains of his patients suffering from Parkinsons disease, resulting in immediate relief for the patients (McKie, 2008). He further states that banning would force him to stop further and ongoing studies for the treatment of Alzheimers, motor neuron diseases, cardiovascular arrest, and many others (McKie, 2008). Professor Roger Morris, of Kings College London, seconds Aziz. He explains that the few experiments being done on primates are for the alleviation of human suffering. He cites as an example Parkinsons disease, where sacrificing a few thousand primates would greatly benefit hundreds of thousands of people suffering from this as well as their families (McKie, 2008). But perhaps their most authoritative ally is the European Commission itself. In its official response regarding this subject as reported by McKie, it stated that, Primate Research is unavoidable in developing treatments for auto-immune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, infections such as HIV or SARS, and neurological illness such as Alzheimers (2008). Making a Stand With the facts presented, along with a number of expert opinions clearly stated, the final decision seems to become a choice between preserving the animal rights of primates and reassuring the continuity of medical and clinical researches in finding a cure to mankinds lingering illnesses and often very much fatal forms of viruses. The choice is quite easy to make. Common psychological assumption which states that, the lowest ranking or the most demented human being is still worth much more morally than the smartest animal, would fit perfectly. Comparison holds true between an infant and a trained dog; or an insane man to a bobcat; or a former heavy weight champion suffering from Parkinsons to a youthful, muscle-bound gorilla, and so forth. We are witnesses even in religious tenets of this truth. Nowhere in all the Bibles of world religions will we find God, Jehovah, Allah, or even Zeus, allowing mankind to be martyrs of illnesses in place of animals. Perhaps what the social moralists of our time have been wanting is for the primates sufferings to be stopped, or lessened at the very least. If by amending a law that assures consistent growth of the primates population is the cause of all the commotion, then perhaps it is best to amend one. If by using ample dosages of anesthesia would be diminish the pain of both the primate being examined on the lab table and the humans clamoring for a change in the system, then it might be best to let them both have their way. After all, it is for the betterment of both species. Work Cited McKie, Robin. Ban on Primate Experiments Would be Devastating, Scientists Warn.

Successes and Failure of Carters Presidency essays

Successes and Failure of Carters Presidency essays The first year tenure of Carter's presidency bought some changes in the political arena with revision in the Administration of the Social Security system that in turned increased both the wage base and rate of taxation, in order to produce the revenue required to continue the program. On the contrary, he also sent a complete energy program to Congress, to get a prompt approval, which unfortunately became the subject of an ongoing congressional argument. However, before his second year was completed his important successes include a bill to deregulate natural gas. This was a part of his original energy package and to evaluate and facilitate him to There was not much success on the economy side, even though the economy of United States continued to get better, but the growth rate seemed to be caught at around five percent of GNP, and unemployment on the other hand continued to afflict. While Inflation, worsened during his tenure. At the same time in his foreign policy Carter announced that relations of the United States with other countries would be based on a point for the rights of humans -the Carter "human rights" policy. The outcome of this doctrine brought few governments of other nations accusation of interference in internal affairs, while majority of the world A new era in Chinese-American relations was made on 1st January 1979. This was the initial steps towards normalization which began with Richard Nixon's trip to Beijing in 1972 that concluded in full diplomatic relations between the United States and China. He also made efforts to get permanent peace in the Middle East, resulting in the signing of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel on March 26, 1979. This is considered to be Carter's most ambitious foreign policy achievement. The foreign policy faced acute hindrances during the last year of ...

Mayflower Compact of 1620

Mayflower Compact of 1620 The Mayflower Compact is often cited as one of the foundations of the U.S. Constitution. This document was the initial governing document for the Plymouth Colony. It was signed on November 11, 1620, while the settlers were still aboard the Mayflower before they disembarked at Provincetown Harbor. However, the story of the creation of the Mayflower Compact begins with the Pilgrims in England. Who the Pilgrims Were Pilgrims were separatists from the Anglican Church in England. They were Protestants who did not recognize the authority of the Anglican Church and formed their own Puritan church. To escape persecution and potential  imprisonment, they fled England for Holland in 1607 and settled in the town of Leiden. Here they lived for 11 or 12 years before deciding to create their own colony in the New World. To raise money for the enterprise, they received a land patent from the Virginia Company and created their own joint-stock company. The Pilgrims returned to Southampton in England before sailing for the New World. Aboard the Mayflower The Pilgrims left aboard their ship, the  Mayflower, in 1620. There were 102 men, women, and children aboard as well as some non-puritan settlers, including  John Alden and Miles Standish. The ship was headed for Virginia but got blown off course, so the Pilgrims decided to found their colony in Cape Cod in what would later become the Massachusetts Bay Colony. They called the colony Plymouth after the harbor in England from which they departed for the New World. Since the new location for their colony was outside the areas claimed by the two chartered joint-stock companies, the Pilgrims considered themselves independent and created their own government under the Mayflower Compact. Creating the Mayflower Compact In basic terms, the Mayflower Compact was a social contract whereby the 41men who signed it agreed to abide by the rules and regulations of the new government in order to ensure civil order and their own survival. Having been forced by storms to anchor off the coast of what is now Cape Cod, Massachusetts, rather than the intended destination of the Colony of Virginia, many of the Pilgrims felt it unwise to continue with their stores of food quickly running out. Coming to grips with the reality that they would not be able to settle in the contractually-agreed-to Virginia territory, they â€Å"would use their own liberty; for none had the power to command them.† To accomplish this, the Pilgrims voted to establish their own government in the form of the Mayflower Compact. Having lived in the Dutch Republic city of Leiden before beginning their journey, the Pilgrims considered the Compact to be similar to the civil covenant that had served as the basis for their congregation in Leiden. In creating the Compact, the Pilgrim leaders drew from the â€Å"majoritarian model† of government, which assumes that women and children cannot vote, and their allegiance to the King of England. Unfortunately, the original Mayflower Compact document has been lost. However, William Bradford included a transcription of the document in his book, Of Plymouth Plantation. In part, his transcription states: Having undertaken, for the Glory of God and advancement of the Christian Faith and Honour of our King and Country, a Voyage to plant the First Colony in the Northern Parts of Virginia, do by these present solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one of another, Covenant and Combine ourselves together into a Civil Body Politic, for our better ordering and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute and frame such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the Colony, unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. Significance The Mayflower Compact was the foundational document for the Plymouth Colony. It was a covenant whereby the settlers subordinated their rights to follow laws passed by the government to ensure protection and survival.   In 1802, John Quincy Adams called the Mayflower Compact â€Å"the only instance in human history of that positive, original, social compact.† Today, it is generally accepted as having influenced the nation’s Founding Fathers as they created the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 130

Discussion - Essay Example The 2014 advertisement presents chicken & shrimp asApplebees’s major selling product. Bourbon street is mentioned as the place and the price is set at $20 for 2. The restaurant promotes the use of its delicacies as birthday specials and appeals to the middle-age group of people. The motto â€Å"Where fans know the best† is also used as a promotion strategy. The restaurant should consider establishing an exterior environment to connect more with the an audience (Lamb, Hair, & McDaniel, 2012). Both advertisements expose the products and services that California offers to its visitors. Some of the services include yoga, surfing, skateboards, and wineries. The California place is also established expansively to cater for the different services. Price estimates are not defined, but the advertisements target a group of visitors interested in enjoying these services in Calfornia. The motto â€Å"Find yourself here† is a promotion strategy that has been consistent. Both advertisements expose the products and services which constitute the events of the Olympics. But, the 2016 advert shows more events including athletics, karate, golf, volleyball, swimming, tennis and gymnastics among other games. The advertisement also establishes the place in Rio de Janeiro Brazil by showing an overview of the landscape. Also, the Rio 2016 Olympics logo is used for promotion purposes. However, the Portugese language used in the 2016 advert segments the market as compared to the 2008 advert that uses

The Role Of The Three Chieftains In The Ballad Of The White Horse Essay

The Role Of The Three Chieftains In The Ballad Of The White Horse - Essay Example Together the three chiefs present the picture of selfless courage and a conviction for a cause. Eldred was a Franklin, not a noble man by birth, but a mighty man, huge and brave; dull of wit but warm-hearted, he hosted anyone who loitered into his ill kept farm. He was fond of ale and good food ; he loved to tend his swine and animals; issues of religion or country did not rouse him so much as did his friendship for Alfred for whom he rallied his forces. He was not enthusiastic about a fight, but he had fought fiercely in battles with Ethelred, the brother of Alfred. Mark was an Italian whose father arrived with Caesar into England by ship; he was a confirmed Catholic and at heart a Roman. He grew pine and orchard and drank wine, the drink of Christian sacraments, and not ale like common farmers. He lived among the ruins of Roman settlements; a strong bronzed man with eyes keen like a bird and he remained unaffected by the bickering and wars of the tribes around him, and for him Rome alone counted and it was for Rome that he was going to strike a blow when Alfred asked him for help. He advised Alfred to conquer London, keep Wiltshire and the white horse Wold while he himself was for fighting to keep his own Pines and vineyard. Colan of caerleon was partly Irish and partly welsh thus in him flowed the instincts of the Christian as well as the intuitions of the Druids. He lived in the valley of the Druids where the Usk flowed murmuring into the ghostly sea. He dreamt and sang about his race by now in ruins. His harp sang brooding songs while his sword swinging in war was a happy one."merry in war and sad while singing. His faith was imbued with Christian ideals but his Celtic past fired his spirits; danger and war drew him and his soul heeded to the CALL OF THE WILD. Thus the motive for fighting for each of the chiefs differed. But they had the united purpose and role of being Friends of Alfred and defenders of the civilization. Their Fight and Death It is these three chieftains whom Alfred approached for providing spears ,bows and swords and men for the war against the Danes. Marcus came with all his slaves in arms ,Colan with strange spears hung with ancient charms ,Eldred brought jars and stores of farm mead and rye on his farm beasts ,with his farm hands.The clan of Colan was Gaelic and wore torn and antique robes blowing wailing pipes ,and belonged to an ancient period of wars and strife. Mark's soldiers were mixed tribes of the west experienced in Arabia and Tyne.(Ballad of White Horse IV) Though each of them was brave ,each chieftain responded differently to the war .The Saxon Eldred kept recalling his Farm and the beans there,Colan's heart was filled with the longing for his lost tribe ,and Marcus smote for the religion he strongly believed in. They had no doubt about the side they had chosen to support. But they were perturbed by the prospects of victory

Issues in Human Resource Strategies That Improve Organizational Performance Essay Example for Free

Issues in Human Resource Strategies That Improve Organizational Performance Essay A rapidly changing economic environment, characterized by such phenomena as the globalization, and deregulation of markets, changing customer and investor demands, and ever increasing product market competition, has become the norm for most organization. To compete, they must continually improve their performance by reducing costs; innovating products and processes; improving quality, productivity, and speed to market; and more importantly by improving their individual performance within the organization. In order to do this, a set of distinctive human resource strategies, defined as internally consistent bundles of human resource practices (Dyer Reeves, 1995), is clearly essential. Sparrow and Marchington (1998) suggested that HR practices are the most advanced, the most sophisticated, and the most efficient basis for organizing and for obtaining high performance from employees since it seeks to strategically integrate the interests of an organization and its employees. In addition, a number of studies have also indicated that there is a positive relationship between effective HR strategies and organizational performance. Specifically, it is suggested that HR practices can improve organizational and operational performance when matched with quality manufacturing strategies (Stone, 2002). Nevertheless, despite the positive relationship found between HR practices and firm performance, there are a number of issues and questions surrounding them. One problem in relating HRM and performance is the lack of theoretical background; resulting in both terms remain ambiguous concepts. Other questions arise in relation with the link between HR strategies and performance are the inconsistent findings in regards to what constitutes a high performance HR strategy (Becker Gerhart, 1996; Cooke, 2001) and the problems with HRM and performance measurements (Guest et al. , 2003). The aim of this essay is to outline and explain the issues in developing human resource strategies that improve organizational performance. Specifically, the essay shall begin with presenting the issue of theoretical background of the concept of HRM and organizational performance. Subsequently, it shall discuss the issue about diversified strategies used to improve performance, and the problems in measuring HRM and performance. ?HRM and Organizational Performance: The Lack of Theoretical Background Guest (1997) pointed out that to improve our understanding of the impact of HRM on performance; we need a theory about HRM, a theory about performance, and a theory about how they are linked. Unfortunately, there has been a great deal of debates amongst leading researchers and practitioners about the concept and contributions of HRM practice in managing employees in overall organizational objectives (Loosemore, Dainty Lingard, 2003; Analoui, 1998; Sparrow Marchington, 1998). McCarthy and Stone (1986) argued that the concept of HRM is ambiguous and that its contribution to organizational performance remains unclear and is not well understood. In addition, Sparrow and Marchington (1998) pointed out that rather than adding value to the business through its strategic integration with managerial objectives, HRM can remain a disappointingly mechanistic function. Similarly, there is no universal theory about performance (Guest, 1997). It was proposed that the meaning of performance involves two dimensions; the types of criteria and the weight of each. Organizations have different interpretations of performance according to the sector of their industries. Service providers, for example, might consider customer satisfaction as their top performance indicator, while manufacturers might view inventory level as an important criterion to measure their performance level. In addition, some organizations put financial results on top of their performance indicator list and employee’s job satisfaction at the bottom, but others may view this in the opposite position. As a result, it is hard, if not impossible, to define the concept of performance that applicable for all organizations. The impact of HR practices on firm performance is without a doubt an important topic in the fields of human resource management, industrial relations, and industrial and organizational psychology (Huselid, 1995; Jones Wright, 1992). This literature, although largely conceptual, concludes that HR practices can help to create a source of sustained competitive advantage, especially when they are aligned with a firm’s competitive strategy (Jackson Schuler, 1995; Wright McMahan, 1992, both as cited in Huselid, 1995). Specifically, a large majority of published studies found an association between HR practices and firm performance, regardless of whether they are cross-sectional or longitudinal, whether conducted at establishment or company level, whether based on strong performance data or subjective estimates, whatever sector they are based on, whatever operational definition of HRM is used, and wherever they are conducted (Guest et al. , 2003). Nevertheless, despite the positive thrust of most empirical findings, Wood and de Menezes (1998, as cited in Guest et al. 2003) failed to find consistent associations between HRM and performance. Furthermore, Wood (1999) has also argued that the relationship between HRM and performance is relatively weak. One possible explanation lies in the various contingency factors, other than HR activities, that might contribute to organizational performance such as organizational culture (Kotter Heskett, 1992; Van der Post et al. , 1998), business strategy (Richard Brown Johnson, 1999), and political considerations (Ferris et al. 1998). ?Improvement Strategies: Is There One Best Way? Much of the research on the link between HRM and firm performance has looked at single HR practice such as compensation or selection, while others attempted to look on the impact of combining different HR practices to improve firm performance (Becker Gerhart, 1996). Pfeffer (1998, as cited in Tyson, 1997), for instance, put forward a seven-principle best practice which he believed is universally applicable. The seven best practice HRM elements include; employment security, selective hiring, self managed teams, high compensation contingent on organizational performance, extensive training, reduction of status difference, and information sharing. Theoretically, bundling several HR practices should produce greater performance effects than any of the individual human practices (Dyer Reeves, 1995). However, in reality, there is no single standardized bundle of HR strategies that is universally applicable for all organizations. Each firm might require different bundles of HR strategies to improve its organizational performance.

Social Commentary in Blood Brothers by Willy Russell Essay -- Blood Br

Social Commentary in Blood Brothers by Willy Russell The play, Blood Brothers by Willy Russell, is a twisted tale of two brothers born on the same day and from the same womb, yet they live in two entirely different worlds. In the scene with Russell Eddie and Mickey meeting for the first time. At first Mickey is suspicious of Eddie, (Mickey – â€Å"hello† suspiciously), but at that innocent age they talking and quickly bond. Eddie is well-mannered in all his ways – â€Å"ill look it up in the dictionary† and says â€Å"pardon†. This shows Eddie has a polite comportment in his speech– â€Å"ill looks it up in the dictionary† and says â€Å"pardon†. This shows Eddie is well educated and polite because of his wealth. However, Mickey isn’t and Eddie is innocent and because of his overprotective mother therefore doesn’t know much about reality and the world around him – Eddie says, â€Å"Pissed of. You say smashing things don’t you? And Mickey says, â€Å"Do you know the F word?† Eddie – â€Å"pardon, what does it mean?† Because the boys are young, they’re innocent and honest about everything. When they start sharing background information, they soon find out they are very similar and even share the same age, the same date of birth. They choose to become blood brothers which will mean a new stronger relationship. Mickey says,† this mean that we’re blood brothers† their affection is strong, because they bond so quickly. When Sammy enters the scene, it becomes tense as he makes fun of Eddie. Sammy _ â€Å"he’s a friggin poshy†, this means Sammy makes fun of his accent, he instantly recognizes he’s posh. Because Mickey is Eddie’s blood brother, he defends him as that was one of they’re vows they made when becoming blood brothers. Mickey and Eddie – â€Å"I al... ...u as well as everything’ else? Does she? Eddie does she?† Russell is trying to show that if you’re wealthy you aren’t going to be happy unless you have something to keep you going, he needs an achievable goal in life, Mrs Johnstone had her children, but Mickey only has his pills to keep him going. He has no hope of a job because of his criminal record, or his own home. He is terrified that Linda will leave him. In conclusion Russell is trying to portray that your situation depends entirely on the way you’re brought up. According to Russell it depends on nurture; the child that was given away got the better life, it wouldn’t have mattered which one was given away. As Eddie had the experience of a wealthy family he got the best opportunities in life. Mickey has to struggle with reality of being underprivileged, hence the unfairness of living in Britain.