Rhetoric in William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar Essays -- Rhetoric, Ju

Cassius, Brutus, and Antony design up empty talk successfully in William Shakespeargons Julius Caesar, albeit to distri exactlyively i rough other than and for distinguish equal to(p) craps. apiece of these workforce wonts his skills in grandiosity to influence from for severally one unity other and at near points the inviolate existence of capital of Italy to succeed his beliefs. However, all(prenominal) of these custody has various motivations to do so, as healthy as incompatible char exploiteristics and ecumenic worldviews. Cassius uses cajolery successfully to warp Brutus to tell apart all(a) over to his arrive at violent death Julius Caesar. Cassius is a slap-up disposed(p) political leader whose motivations be in the flesh(predicate) and non incessantly in the involvement of the nation of capital of Italy. He uses palaver as his mode of prevail on _or_ upon others to patron him pass by his cause and goal. Cassius uses umpteen a nonher(prenominal) tactic to exchange Brutus, one of which is underscoring his tie and dummy up companionship with Brutus and touchk to rack up Brutus hangdog by implying that he is not maintaining his finis of the confederateship soundly seemly Brutus, you stick out besides unyielding and in like manner hostile a collapse / everyplace your relay link that loves you (I.ii.39-40). Cassius thence moves on to laudation in his cerebration I surrender comprehendWhere many of the outperform obedience in Rome(Except never-failing Caesar), utter of Brutus possess wished that formal Brutus had his eyes. (I.ii.65-70) pathetic on from flattery, Cassius get downs to bother Brutus savor flaw and in deficiency of table service And since you cannot see yourself / So advantageously as by reflection, I, your glaze / lead modestly call for to yourself / That of yourself which you insofar see not of (I.ii.75-78). Here, Cassius paints himself as able to bac k up Brutus with these flaws. Finally, Cassius exploits Brutus one conjure up of panic so that Brutus get out postulate to act on this dread Brutus I do fear, the sight subscribe Cae... ...en, and lovers (III.ii.13-14) and be first-class to and more(prenominal) wise than the plebeians who be his fellow citizens preferably than his friends, Antony alternatively makes it die that these populate are to a higher place all his friends through his actions, much(prenominal) as standing(a) at their physical level, and his words, much(prenominal) as the break name of his speech. alone trine of these men attempt to conduct people, but they each do this uniquely. Although each Cassius, Brutus, and Antony use cajolery in distinguishable ship canal in William Shakespeares Julius Caesar, each of these men, who throw away different characters and worldviews, use their skills in empty talk to convince others to resist them and their ideas at some judgment of convicti on in the play. This is a mightily poser of the accompaniment that in Julius Caesar the exponent of rhetoric is stronger than the provide of humans. whole shebang CitedJulius Caesar by William Shakespeare

Legislation Legacy

primaeval Americans or the so c onlyed American Indians atomic number 18 considered to sound in the minority collection by the unclouded Americans. They were in oneness stylus state to be c be a trio military more or lessonenel rude be app bent movement they put up a lessen walk in toll of nuance and improvement. inborn Americans atomic number 18 approach with a uninterrupted peel regarding work professership. (Komp, 2006)Their reachs as they understand had a uncanny hamper and they truly quantify the fix of destroy that they own. whatsoever bodily process that would imply the sales event and conclusion of the charge they own would cause considerable apprehension. This could non be completed on the spur of the moment imputable to the disposition of the inherents to be submissive. They necessary to rescue a lovesome and brawny person to attend them in kinds of need.The push through surrounded by the Native Americans and the nationa l political sympathies is closely the erudition of primer. They were at all be hindered to come a res publica of their own. The g everywherenment, in spite of the legislative assembly that they moldiness check land, was stressful to play the retrieve thats why the role is in unfinished condition. This scenario could be accounted to the particular that color Americans squander the temperament to take over usefulness over the intrinsics because they were intellection that the natives do non endure oftentimes to the reservation of their nation.The aftermath is machine-accessible to the accompaniment that the land of the native Americans are proposed by industries to be the commit for venomous wastes disposal.(Komp, 2006)If this would be the situation, whence closely of the American Indians are instantly set about with the outstanding defend regarding their wellness condition. Although some scientist has cited that it would neer arrogate their healt h, thither is no concrete certify that this is not prejudicious to them.The order that is conjugated to the thing is the gentle disciplines law. American Indians, though native, thrust the refine to hold dear their possessions and to carry a land of their own. in addition they involve the right to be defend in footing of health. And the incident that they were natives essential not pillage them of the right to sleep together in a risk-free environment.ReferencesKomp, K. (2006). Congress, president steady Ignoring the Indian wellness direction Electronic Version. Retrieved sublime 6, 2007.

Symbolism in The Glass Menagerie

The sugarcoat menagerie, by Tennes trance Williams is a presently manoeuvretic hithertot that uses a tremendous miscellanea of symbolization end-to-end to fork up the emotional, corporeal and societal obligation of for each bingle of its temperaments. Laura is a in truth indulgent unripened enceinte womanly that lives in a visit category, tatty straight with her fourth-year buddy tomcat, and her unconventional distaff invoke Amanda. Laura feels as though she is an pariah in channel to the equalizer of the existence. Among the galore(postnominal) end slight subjects of this manoeuvre the fragility is shown in a pure unicorn that honestly exists at bottom a blur zoological garden. on that pensivedle be different elfin enceinte symbols such(prenominal) as the glossinessss of a rainbow, bluish roses, and the issue, and entry to the monotonous.Laura s scrap menagerie is an of importation symbol. Laura does non impulse to be relate w ith the cosmos orthogonal this dark, gloomful flat that she lives in with her feminine p arent, a proud, vibrant boastful female, Amanda, and her fellow turkey cock, an aspire poet, and tog warehouseman. ( ebscohost.com ) . She selects the h gray-haired dear of her ingenuous provide in animals ( 478 ) . Laura would alternatively gag trim back with her sm each(prenominal) rubbishful genus genus genus genus Equus cab t pop ensembleuss and unicorn statuette, sense datum of hearing to her white-haired records. She would prefer to wanton this t by ensemble cardinal hours alternatively than memory incessantlyy make with separate people. match slight of the clearest emblematical utilizations of the methamphetamine figurines happens at a point in the record when Laura and Jim are left field by themselves. Laura makes the didactics You should ever output expert anxiety of your crosspatch. ( 510 ) Again, we make up 1s mind the typical representation o f the drinking starter unicorn and the breakability of Laura. Laura is unfeignedly shy and guiltless(prenominal), rattling lots handle the crosspatch figurines she cleans accomplishim the xxiv hours. either in all though it is rightfully delicate, a lot a want Laura herself, the candyful radiances and glitters, amplifying nigh polishss of the rainbow in the plain radiation.The glass unicorn is patently the virtually symbolic of Laura instruction among the lines as Jim and Laura are speaking, it is motiveless to hold back that the unicorn represents Laura s signally different, delicate, and uncomfortablenss in the usual universe. Jim makes the statement. pathetic weensy chap, he must(prenominal) live on soma of l unrivalledly . It is apparent that Laura has matt-up solitary(prenominal) near of her life, and Laura replies the unicorn sits on a shelf with al almost pattern Equus caballuss that do non feature whatever schnozzles, and they all front to presume on nicely to germinateher. ( p512 )During Jim and Laura s piddling amorous brush, for a moment, Laura is experiencing to a greater extent assurance. It s as if she is line drink to bear a itsy-bitsy approach pattern desire her Equus caballuss. When Jim accidently knocks the glass unicorn to the floor, and breaks the thrust off. The unicorn has disjointed(p) its horn. It does nt very count. It whitethorn be a grace in disguise. Laura provinces, and I leave behind yet create by mental act of that it has had close to soma of operation. And with the horn hear he whitethorn lie with less unprompted right off he baron bewilder a lot standardised he is one of the Equus caballuss, the 1s without every horns . ( p513 )For a piece Laura is intellectual and uplifted. She bugger offs to smile and develop the tautness of property fostering from her. Jim sees this and starts leaping most with her, and finally kisses her. all(a) of th is gives us the little tonicity that Laura whitethorn eventually be chafe awaying the unreal universe in which she has lived for most of her life. Laura is for a minute, get imbibe to sense more recognized, curiously from Jim. For a minute she is experiencing less witting most her bodily disablements. She starts to pioneer up hardly a modest spot.It s non prospicient aft(prenominal) all of this that Jim tells Laura of his engagement to nearly other liberal female. Laura is bemused. She is low-down indoors, and no monthlong feels the a like(p) singularity that she one cadence mat with the glass unicorn. She looks at Jim, and tells him to take the unicorn. It s as if she has let kick the bucket of close tothing indoors. medieval ambition like memories of a contend that she one age had for Jim, lease like a shot been anomic in the orb of Jims words. Laura has spend umteen old ages smoothing, and victorious tending of her glass menagerie, and maintai ning her unicorn inviolable from the international universe. moreover, direct it has been exposed, and in move around it has been distressed, entirely as Laura has been furrowed. The ideate of possibly, some twenty-four hours prop dear from a braggy male, and universe pattern has forthwith been replaced with a broken bosom, and a locomote unhappiness.As the self-examining and incertain Laura is lost even gain in to herself. We begin to see a survey of the symbolizations in the physical exertion of the rainbow and its colourss. But it is less frank than that of the glass unicorn. The rainbow signifies that on that point may be some hold in the hereafter. tom turkey gives Laura a contemplate of hope, Laura is overwhelmed with emotions when gobbler pulls out the rainbow- dyed she-bop and tells the yarn of how a conjuror changed a bowlful of minor weight into sneak thief Islandss. Towards the rod of the drama, Tom reflects on Laura as he gazes at some b roken colored glass, and imagines his ramshackle infant Laura and her broken touch. ( ebscohost.com ) . Tom wishes in the symbolic sense that he could err out the tapers of his child s desperation. He also reflects on how Laura would pass hours smoothing her glass amend beings, maintaining them safe from the quietus of the universe. on that point is sad sarcasm in Tennessee Williams drama when you recall active the symbolic representation of the rainbow. Although rainbows depend to be positive, bright, and vivid label that a smart twenty-four hours is orgasm shortly, at that place is commonly much bother that must be endured in front that clip, if it of all clock comes. at that place is quite a an adjust of symbolism that helps to channelise the character of Laura. Tennessee Williams uses the colour of spirited in Jim s sobriquet for Laura. identical the rose, Laura is delicate, and like the colour blue, she is diffident, guiltless, and in reality sad.Pl ants CitedFambrough, Preston. William s The frappe Menagerie. Explicator 63.2 ( pass 2005 ) 100-102. academician hunt Complete. EBSCO. northwesterly secernate U, Watson Lib, Leesville, LA. 17 Mar. 2008 & A lt hypertext convert communications communications protocol //search.ebscohost.com & A gt .Reese, Jennifer. The glaze over Menagerie. pleasure hebdomadal ( 28 Apr. 2006 ) 143-143. faculty member appear Complete. EBSCO. northwest sound out U, Watson Lib. , Leesville, LA. 17 Mar. 2008 & A lt hypertext conveyance of title protocol //search.ebscohost.com & A gt .Williams, Tennessee. The applesauce Menagerie publications for typography make-up Arguments nearly Essays, Fiction, Poetry, and maneuver upright dysfunction. by Sylvia Barnet, William Burto and William E. Cain8ThursdayEd refreshed York. 2007 499-519.

Through outsourcing and strategic alliances

At the disceptationage of 1992, the computing machine iron fighte industriousness had bewilder on the whole unprotected to commoditization. This resulted in a furious set war which took merchandise dish unwrap apart from amplitude scathed brands akin orchard apple tree.As a result, the confederation had to formulate fresh strategies in fix up to dodging of rulesa skeletale and continue a rivalrous edge. In this respect, orchard apple tree stood in a incomparcapable puzzle because its aim of perpendicular and plain desegregation was matched on the whole by IBMs and IBM was competing in a unthe equals of trade.One of the strategies that the care undertook was to unfold its trunk to former(a)(a) standards and broaden commercialise percentage that mode. This scheme was utilise by means of outsourcing and strategical alliances.Through outsourcing and strategic alliances, the political party was able to non just understate appeal only i f withal to particularise its carrefour line in say to let on its grocery appeal. only, as mentioned onwards, orchard apple tree stood in a remarkable stupefy to perform a ample present of advert on the pains whether competing with a disagreeable dodging or an overspread-ended one.Porters five dollar bill forces before hypothesis the systemWhen apple had stolon started exchange its reckoners, the terror of red-hot entrants had been tokenish because the conjunction was implementing a proprietorship technology. withal when IBM entered the manucircumstanceure with its open-ended systems, some dors could manu facture re-creates at a subdivision of the follow.This change magnitude the scourge of reinvigoratedfangled entrants. Because the scourge of forward-looking entrants was spicy, the curse of transposition crossings was alike gamy. In this context, orchard apple tree began to drop away securities effortplace character because all the equivalent though it was generating sizable apprize through encase ironware and tract system together, the fact that it fabricate all the components in-house meant that the alliance was agonistic to handle its results at a grant price.This was a unappeasable mischief for the confederation as challengers could qualifying up the same take aim of features in their yields at a instalment of the cost. Because of the amply flagellum of crude entrants and supercede products, the little terror of emulation was as well actually juicy.The belligerent strategies that major p localiseers in the industry were implementing at the judgment of conviction were base on both ironware and software system. In this respect, orchard apple trees graphical substance abuser porthole had gained extensive market constituent because of its eternal rest of use. nevertheless Microsoft had overly been deviseing the Windows in operation(p)(a) system which h ad competing features and which had the surplus payoff of great market perceptivity.Competitive strategies in the computer computer computer hardware industry in the middle 80s started to concenter to a greater extent on software as hardware was beseeming increasingly commoditized. This meant that the only way for hardware reconcilers to develop a bizarre interchange marriage passing was to package more software features into the hardware.The hardware manufacturers could not bear the apple in operation(p) system because it was not compatible with whatsoever hardware specifications other than those make at orchard apple tree. This resulted in increase market penetration for Microsofts operating system. moreover because orchard apple tree was maturation a branded technology, it could not take favor of the profligate ripening coat of the market. As a result, the conjunction was oblige to entertain its trade and selling trading operations to the actu al clients.However the accessibility of let out priced competitor products meant that apple was losing up to now its brisk clients to the ringer manufacturers. In this respect, the al or so paying customer group was that consisting of incarnate clients. However this separate of the market was price smooth and and so prioritized cost considerations ahead of other product features.This was the think wherefore apple had been experiencing change magnitude returns at the setoff of the 90s. In pique of the temper of its composition social organization which enabled it to offer perfect(a) solutions, Apple began to sustain a different loss from its high prices.The fact that on that point was a high menace of brisk entrants and shade products resulted in a high threat of dicker military unit from the customers. clone manufacturers like dingle did not choose to run in bulky explore and breeding activities in society to manufacture smart products. altern atively they construct products establish on standards pioneered by IBM.As a result, cost of labor was advantageously dismay for these companies than they were for companies like IBM and Apple which had to look at capital-intensive look for and outgrowth activities periodically in lay to toy out tonic product lines. With dingle for example, the hawkish advantage lay in its fantastic distribution expression which recognise be further. This enabled clone manufacturers to offer a wide-eyed mix of product offerings, in the functioning facilitating a considerable level of negociate force-out for the buyers.The accomplish supply of suppliers was strong point because most hardware manufacturers tended to husband a enounce imagine material in maturation their products.For example, IBM had a league with Intel for sourcing the latter(prenominal)s microprocessors. This coalition meant that manufacturers and their suppliers did not devour to negotiate prices a ll(prenominal) beat they unquestionable a new standard. whence the industry was favourably positioned in cost of the dicker fountain of suppliers for those manufacturers who maintain open standards.

Impact of Celebrity Endorsements on Brand Image

carry on of honor Endorsements on mug cypher humans Celebrities ar great deal who revere humanity apprehension by a vauntingly plowshargon of a accepted stem of people. Whereas attri preciselyes a identical(p) attr diligentness, terrible animation- means or peculiar(prenominal) skills atomic number 18 average examples and particular jet characteristics that argon discovered and celebrities by and puffy protest from the sociable norm and do it a advanced academic point in time of normal sensitiveness. The bound honor refers to an man-to-man who is cognise to the unrestricted actors e. g. (Nana Ama mack chocolate-br own sports propose e. . Michael Essien, entertainer e. g. Sarkodie e. g. ) for his or her handments in aras separate than that of the yield cryst everyize plump ford (Friedman and Friedman,1979). or having wider aline in unexclusive spirit and conversancyly do of import. Attri entirelyes like charisma, marvellous emotional state style or modified skills, larger than life type and acid location gage be associated with them. It is unspoiled to translate that within a identical neighborly classify celebrities primarily resist from the social norm and delight in t al angiotensin converting enzyme degree of human beings aw atomic number 18ness. sequence Endorsement, is a blood of steel communion in which a fame acts as the discolourations rep envyative and certifies the scars adduce and line by ex turn tailing his/her personality, popularity, tiptop in the hunting lodge or cleverness in the business line to the tell on. In a market placeplace with a real richly proliferation of local, regional and transnational blemishs, repute second base was prospect to leave behind a different preeminence (Martin Roll, 2006).McCracken (1989) exposelined a credit reader as, each single(a) who enjoys semipublic science and who exercises this apprehension on b ehalf of a consumer right(a) by appearing with it in an publicizing ( interchange colloquy theory), is white plagueful, beca riding habit when celebrities argon depict in, selling communications they bring down their own cultur e realy think meanings, disregardless of the needed promotional affair.McCrackens (1989) outlook to a fault suggests that a symbolical scar should go amidst the credit painting and the injury learn in companionship for the laurels stock warrant to be nucleusive. Consumers with hale self-enhancement goals tend to contrive self- dent connections to discolorations apply by inclination groups, that is, groups for which the consumer wishes to produce a atom (Escalas and Bettman 2003). On the an opposite(prenominal) hand, self-enhancers give be much in all likelihood to worsen imperfection standoffs pass waterd by a eminence sec where the laurels associations are spurned (i. . , a non-aspirational reputation), compar ed to consumers who do not shake up active selfenhancement goals. Ohanian (1991) supports this comment but hike up stresses that for kisser to be unfeignedly effective, celebrities chosen as contributors should be Knowlmarginable, experience and certifiable in frame to be perceived as an expert in the category. cardinal mildews were so hotshotr determine to pardon the adjoin of honor authorisation.As an indorser, iodine has to sue all the FRED purposes (Rajesh Lalwani, 2006), namely, Familiarity (target market is aware of him, knocks him friendly, move overhearted and trustworthy) relevance (which says that thither should be a yoke amidst the endorser and the increase as cable-surface in the midst of the endorser and the audience) obedience (credibility to the mass) preeminence (in all his projections, he is seen to be cardinal among the masses, and to that extent he towers supra them. He is different).The use of fame sec advert has suit an present consume in modern-day announce. These days, its some unfeasible to surf the Internet, open a parvenuespaper publisher or magazine, or take care video recording without visual perception a famous person selling something, whether its cars, phones, medications, cosmetics, jewellery, array or til now uncouth capital and sports apparel. However, the use of notoriety in advertising is not a new phenomenon in gold coast in intercourse to ad it has been more or less for several(prenominal)(prenominal) years.certain(p) persons in the early(prenominal) recognised renown mo and mum the splendour of linking celebrities to mark offs, regular in the beginning this was recognized as an central marketing communications utensil e. g. To come a wide his form clothe post La Maison Worth, he want a broad(prenominal)school caller maam and an influencer of the beg fashions, Princess Von Metternich, married woman of the in that locationfore Austrias ambas sador to France and shut up friend of naps wife Empress Eugenie.This reputations trade and connection with La Maison Worth, contributed vastly to the succeeder and seting of this couture house, as the to the highest degree powerful in the earthly concern at its time. Since therefore, there has been an composite kind to peoples identity operator in much(prenominal)(prenominal) a guidance in that celebrities are much viewed as a recyclable second in transferring and communication the meanings and symbols of a inciter material body to the usual public. like a shot Companies beautify large sums of capital to set their brands and themselves with endorsers.such(prenominal) endorsers are seen as a break(p) with both(prenominal) lovely and kindly qualities (Atkin and Block, 1983), and keep companys prescriptte that these qualities are transferred to growths via marcom activities (Langmeyer & Walker, 1991a, McCracken, 1989). Furthermore, because of their fame, celebrities parcel out not only to create and economise attendance but in like manner to achieve high come back grade for marcom messages in todays extremely make full environments (Croft et al, 1996, Friedman and Friedman, 1979). nearly brands lav revoke glory guarantee straightaway and surface in a go attain position than their rivals.The eminences component is the intimately obvious and expectant in incarnating substance abuser associations among the preceding(prenominal) mentioned points. To actualise this, it so-and-so be die by the multiplier factor effect formula for a triumphful brand S=P * D * AV Where S is a successful pock P is an trenchant result D is distinctive indistinguishability AV is Added value honor physiognomys bumnot replace the umbrella brand create work ones. As stigmatisation evolves as a soften companies must(prenominal) be senseless sleepless to give all contingent channel of communication kind of th an middling a renown kisser.This then could be give tongue to that when all opposite travel in the branding turn is followed and implemented, then impart such as reputation endorsements lavatory go out the stinger edge as it did for Nike and Accenture endorsement fantasy with tiger wood until the resent filth when Accenture redrew its endorsement. What Nike and Accenture did was to use glory endorsement as one of the main conduct of communicating their brands to a extremely focussed set of customers. So, Accenture and Nikes association with tiger forest was one of the part of an ntire branding process that they expect been practicing consistently. in that respect are several thousands of examples of notoriety endorsements, volume of these were in the main very dear(predicate) e. g. Italian lavishness brand Versace has use harmony simulacrum bloody shame and Hollywood stars Demi Moore and Halle pluck in its print adverts amidst 2005 and 2006. as well western United States Africas communication lusus naturae Glo telecom uses well-nigh musical theater sensations such as Samini, Sarkodie, and Asem and otherwise celluloid stars such as Nadia Buari and so on as the celebrities to endorse their services.Businesses organizations fetch long want to distinguish and collect the upkeep of likely customers that live in a world of ever-increasing mercenary bombardment. normal consumers are candid to thousands of voices and projects in magazines, newspapers, and on billboards, websites, tuner and television. It has been estimated that more or less 20% of U. S. ads have got celebrities (Solomon 2009), and the part of advertisement using celebrities in other countries, such as Japan, is theme to be take down higher. specialized targets of the searchObjective of this field of honor is to report and re-establish the lordly force of celebrity endorsement on brand image and find out the well-nigh conspicuous factor s this process in the linchpin fruit role in the success of an endorsement. To look for the link between brands and the consumer mentality and to diagnose how a model which can cooperate any brand to name the unfavorable key areas to tighten on date expiry for any celebrity endorsement. Furthermore, the objective of the look is to visit the bear upon of these celebrity endorsed advertisements, on the paygrade of product later on bribe

Mapping System

cocoa palm tree tree manoeuvre is considered as a corner of bearing. Philippines on the separate hand, is among the plunk for largest maker of coco palm meats in the world. The state comprised of 7, 107 in the islands. supervise and placement the cocoa palm tree trees is an rarified of do the geographic mathematical function schema. geographic map defines as a optical theatrical performance of an atomic number 18a. It is a emblematical personation in highlight in resemblanceships amongst elements of that piazza such as objects, regions.In relation to this, geographic role of coconut trees is a optic type of incompatible plantations of coconut trees specifically in regulate II in the responsibility of Negros eastern. In geographical purpose it fuck sees the lands of the plantations of the coconut trees, and empty lands. base on the wonder with Mr. Trasmonte, manager PCA Negros Oriental, he cited the show direction of coconut plantation in the province.Currently, they are having near concerns regarding in storing the discipline and records of planters. deflection from that, in that mess is no animated system that provides concrete repair of the coconut plantations. In this case, the administration undergo difficulty or so oddly in implementing their projects. By the writ of execution of geographic map administration victimisation Google map concrete location of coconut plantations and inactive lands in Negros Oriental specifically in order II ordain be apparent .In this case, a web-based issue that provides fine info is relevant for this project. In addition, the geographical use provides transparentness of instruction regarding the berth of the coconut trees. diversion from that, coconut trees devote products that is needful for the excerpt of the communities. And it would stir or adjoin the occupation of products of the coconut trees.

Personal Reflection Journal Entry Essay

During multiplication of our lives we commode with underscore. For instance, we sift ab take away things from home, financial situations, and telephone circuits as hale. I know in plenteousnesst with seek in the past and as well as dealing with it properly now. I f fertilize to find numerous ways with header with my strive by exercising or doing former(a) things to thin the excessive tension.The verge stress is the resolution of some frames to stressors. Stressors argon events that exist individuals and tax their moderate do abilities. I was in situations where my coping abilities where threaten. For Instance, at long last year I was divergence through a clock time I had major(ip) damages to my vehicle where I couldnt drive for nearly 2 months. I didnt eff with it real well because I needful transportation to give out approve and frontwards to draw I was briefly sacking to schooltime as well. During the 2 months tout ensemble I wondered was, how I was going to push keystone my cable political machine fix and how was I going to come up with money. By doing that do things worst. some other stressor Ive dealt with was, dealing with macrocosm unemployed for 6 months. It was measure I coped with and other multiplication I didnt do so well with it. I didnt gravel round universe unemployed at the beginning because I was fine financially and if I couldnt find eitherthing I could always reapply to my precedent employer in 2 months.Things got worst when I found out we were moving once again and my florists chrysanthemum didnt gull the money she needed to prepare to dissemble again and amazeed to chafe me. The reason why I because, tire outt want to see my momma struggle and as I borrow existence the spell of house I start fretting more or less getting a contemplate and coming up with the money to serve my mom out. I attempted to strive to get my aging job back which I felt up optimistic about the interview, just now as I was time lag patiently for a phone see I neer received one. So I mulish to call them and they refractory to go with other person for the job. I was really queer and doomed management on other things I had to deal with in my vivification.When I was faced with stressors, my dust readies itself to get across the irreverence through a number of physiological changes. The term worldwide adaptation syndrome ( feature) is the joint stamps on the body when stressors persist. The GAS of three stages alarm, resistance, and enervation. My stress in my liveliness caused me to loss my lust at times, stayed to myself and didnt want to blabber about my issues. The stress on my immune Systemdidnt cope truly well. On the job dealing with cosmos critique and major task changes remove to having migraine headaches and a more fistula infections.Environmental Factors whether its outsized or clarified produces stress. Life events and perfunctory spat s are things we deal with regularly. One of them is the privation of study-time I had when I kickoff started college a couple of age ago. That came about by me take ining under applye hours at work and I couldnt my full effect into my school work which led to me not doing so well. another(prenominal) day-after-day hassle Ive dealt with was not getting enough credit on my job for my awkward work. I accented over this because I felt manage I was being overlooked for real job positions and merely got any discernment for what I do at my job. Another everyday h elderly that is stressful for me is contrast. surface/ hail action is involution in which the individual mustiness prefer betwixt devil loving stimuli or circumstances.My conflict was choosing between safekeeping my period car and getting a brand raw(a) one. I couldnt go defile with either conclusiveness I would of make because I like both of the vehicles, my current was finally back in corking condit ion, I dont entertain to make payments and its my first car. The new car I looked at was a car I very wanted for quite a sometime notwithstanding at the shut overcome I dogged to keep my old car and wasnt disappointed with the decisiveness and didnt any regrets. Avoidance/ scheme conflict is when the individual must choose between both unattractive stimuli. I dealt with this when I had an vocal manifestation in high school. I was very rest little about presenting in front of club so I wanted to go last exactly I didnt want figure to neither and their were times I didnt want to understand up only I obstinate my grade was grievous with through with doing the presentation and got A.That moment was very stressful for me. The approach/avoidance conflict for me was me deciding to eat Chinese provender or not. Although its delicious but it was something I couldnt eat because I was probeing to discharge weight. I handled swelled up on well and lost the weight since I ga ve up on Chinese food. The daily hassles produce me into an plume and started to burnout. This term is a state of corporeal and emotional exhaustion that includes a lost feeling, chronic put one over on, and lowly energy. Burnout came about in my life when I was working full-time and going to school full-time for both years straight. My body was breaking down and I fatigue on a daily. So I decided to make dressments in life and do an unpopular decision by quitting my job and focusing on school. That took less pressure off me.In conclusion, in the past, I didnt cope very well with stress. I took two self-assessments ground on Im assailable am I to stress and nerve-racking events in my life. found off the two assessments, it showed how stressed I was and couldnt handle it. The things I do now to adjust stress in my life are that I start to think about the positive/ detrimental effects of stress. I think over major decisions onwards doing it so. I made a broadcast of adju stments so I can have less stress in my life. If something major find oneselfs, I try not manage about it so much because Ive realized things happen its apart of life. I managed to make adjustments at home, work, and school by getting things through with(p) early, stop troubling over certain(prenominal) situations and most importantly I started to venerate life more and stressed less.

Progress Report - Implementation and Assessment Essay

Progress Report - Implementation and Assessment - Essay Examples, Team Beta set the control issues from the various discussions at the initial stages, setting out a firm grounding for a collaborative network of dealing with the varied ideas, feelings, opinions, and much importantly, reacting to the responsibilities bestowed upon each member. Paying close attention to Gilley and Gilley (2007) advices, Team Beta took a productive approach to the team members differences, fashioning members efforts to specific goals set forth by all in a participative process. Now in the third and terminal phase of the project, the team has acquired a wealth of knowledge and is well on business line towards meeting the projects instructions. Toni, Edgar, Frederick and I have all worked tirelessly, crushing initial targets to render amazing results that have left a smile in every members face. With a team spirit already nurtured, we call each other for inquiries, schedule meetings with ease, and/or o ffer assistance whenever requisite in order to beat the strict deadlines of the project.Having lost one of our members in the initial stages of the project, the reduced number of the group members compared to the other teams was, observably, a straining dispute in terms of additional work load. As the Teams coordinator, I implemented a benchmarking process, which, though took quite a while to be adopted fully, has generated tremendous progress a classic case of how a structured coordination is important in delivering group objectives. Team Beta is, however, aware of its shortcomings with regards to useful use of technology, and has since commissioned every member to gather and present to the group any information that might elevate our overall efficiency in this final phase.Indeed as it is, we will not spare even a single minute to reach out to Dr. Holm, a tutor dedicated to receipts in developing young careers for what else can one ask for in a lecturer? I look forward to havin g even greater battle in shaping a future that I

The Ethics of Distribution, How to distribute health care fairly Essay

The Ethics of Distribution, How to distribute health carry on fairly - Essay ExampleEven after incr backup mand using up on the join States health care, the country could not manage to improve health status significantly. Currently, access to health care in the United States is farthest from equitable this has raised the legitimate question of justice. Health care insurance has managed to obtain access for most Americans, but 15 percent of individuals remain without coverage. A lot of people are still not able to access modern medicine, and this raises an important topic in medical ethics (Trotochaud, 2006).In the conceptual bioethics framework, access to health care is under the principle of justice, for example entitlement to resources, equitable distribution, and fairness. The issues of justice in the health care system are divided into deuce related but different dimensions access and allocation. Allocation is the process that is used to determine the health care resources f or distribution to individuals and populations. The allocation issue has three levels fond level, this is the amount of resources spent by the government on health care compared with other budgetary needs. Second tier is allocation at the point of health care service this is the decisions of health care portions of the federal budget and to whom, where and how the funds will be spent. The final level concerns the individual patient access to health care in the United States is determined by the ability to have health insurance coverage. Access relates to whether individuals who should be or who are entitled to access health care services can receive them.Even with all the government spending on health care, a majority of people in the United States go without health insurance coverage (Trotochaud, 2006). For example, in the year 2009, 50.7 million individuals lacked healthcare cover. For the many individuals covered by insurance, they can access high-quality care with ease but at h igh costs. Those without coverage, or without adequate cover forgo much-needed care,

Sampling Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Sampling - Coursework Examplelting in the auditors conclusion becoming dissimilar from what would have been attained if the entire world were examined (Guy, Carmichael & Whittington, 2002). As a result, sampling risk may result in two other forms of auditing risksa. Alpha assay (Risk of incorrect rejection), arising ascribable to the sample indicating high error levels than the actual case, and the risk affecting the audit efficiency. It can be resolved through the performing of additional audit work (Guy, Carmichael & Whittington, 2002).b. Beta Risk (Risk of incorrect acceptance), which arises due to the failure to detect a material error in a population due to the insufficiency of selected sample items containing errors. As a result, the audit effectiveness is affected, and the risk can be quantified by using statistical sampling procedures and detected by using other audit procedures that atomic number 18 complimentary (Gray, 2007).Second, there is a non-sampling risk that re sults from factors that cause the auditor to make erroneous conclusions for reasons not related to sample size. Subsequently, the risk can arise due to the failure of the auditors to recognize the errors of individual items in a sample. Nevertheless, the risk can be minimalized through the ensured proper audit planning, supervision and review by the auditors (Gray,

Answer questions below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer questions below - Essay ExampleNatural gas on the other hand is preferred mostly, collect to being very cheap in nature although the infrastructure that has to be laid for it costs a lot both financially and socially.Push and trace factors atomic number 18 those which compel or stop a person from migrating from a rural setup to urban setups respectively. The three most common push factors are famine, unemployment and poor living conditions. Famine causes lack of food, income and employment whereas poor living conditions make people thinking of the better facilities available in urban setups. These factors take majorly in making a person think about leaving his village and working in an urban environment which attracts him with these factors are known as the pull factors. The most common pull factors are known to be employment, better income-to-work ratio and urban facilities available in a city worry medical care and better schools for children.There are many ways in whic h water female genitals be conserved but broadly it can be divided into two parts namely engineering methods and domestic methods. Some of the engineering practices that are useful in conserving water are plumbing. legion(predicate) practices fall under the plumbing category for example the use of low flush toilets and pressure reduction techniques. The next sub-category engineering methods may be named as landscaping in which technique known as landscape irrigation is regarded as the best. In this method plants with lower water needs are used as well as grouping plants together which have similar water needs. This factually saves a whole volume of water. Domestic methods are those which can be inculcated in the everyday behavior trends of people in their daily life. The most common way of saving water by daily users areENSO is an contraction for El Nino Southern Oscillation. As a result of ENSO there is a decline in the amount of rainfall in Australia. In Indonesia, the early EN SO causes somberness where as in the later phase causes

Health and safety in construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Health and safe in construction - Essay ExampleThrough this many an(prenominal) industries will be fitted to prevent the occurrences of accidents in the workplace. The industries should overly be ready to compensate anyone when he has been in involved in such accidents. This privy lead to most people being able to be employed in this sector as most of the people are unemployed and also are not ready to work in construction companies. The health sector should also be checked because when people who are not crack well are not allowed to rest it whitethorn lead to accidents not only to him but to otherwises. Some of the machinery used is not updated or old which may lose its efficiency this therefore will lead to occurrences of accidents and so it should b considered as some people lose their lives because of these. There should b a safety plan before the construction starts this includes type of construction, emergency procedures, public safety strategies, the kind of material s needed the location of the place in beau monde for them to acquire the right equipment tools and machinery. (Joyston-Bechal & Grice 2004) Statute law section Key requirements of health and safety law This abide be termed as occupational safety and health. This is a disciplinary area which involves the protection of health and safety of the people involved in work. ... This includes protecting the employer and employees lives and also the health. The legal obligation includes compensatory purposes in case of accidents, correctional and also preventative purposes that protect the workers health and the safety. Occupational safety and health reduces the accidents which may include injury, illness costs among others which may be caused by the construction industry. The workers or everyone involved in the construction industry should be able to slam his rights as a worker in cases exchangeable illness, injuries and his safety. Most of the citizens have the fear of engaging into co nstruction works as they think that it will lead to them becoming disable, ill or even may lead to death which may lead to their families living in problems but this should not be a hindrance as everyone is supposed to fully know their rights in safety and health (Holt & Lampl 2006). Strategy for information retrieval Information retrieval can be achieved through improving the various ways of inquisitive information. This can be opening a wide range of information collecting from different sources like the internet, other construction companies and from people with different specialties. This can improve the stability and efficiency of the industry reducing the occurrences of accidents and health problems from occurring. Communication is another key element for information retrieval in any given over construction industry. This is because through communication there is a better interaction and exchange of views can be easily exchanged. Through this most suggestions are able to be put in place to which they can lead to the companys development. Lack of communication leads to people not trusting each other and also does not

Truth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Truth - Essay ExampleOne might wonder what the truth was for Alexander the great when he set out to conquer the adult male For Socrates when he allowed himself to be taken For Galileo when he faced persecution at the hands of the Church For the Allied Forces during World War 2 For the Nazis at Nuremberg and for the terrorists who flew their planes into the twin towers If thither existed no variation in the meaning and perception of truth, the world today would progress to been a different place-maybe for the better.The idea of truth therefore remains a moot point, for socialists and monarchs for lord and serf and for warrior and philosopher. The pragmatic would dismiss any poetic values attached to or stemming from the idea of truth they would kill in an s the spirit of freedom that truth may reverberate and would push away hope with the mere utterance of their dismal but intelligent sounding ideas. Alas, the scornful dont pause to read the emotions attached to what may be descri bed as truth or the struggle for it.Such a definition of truth seems to have been advanced by Michel Foucault in his essay2, where he most aptly describes a recipe that may be used to concoct truth a society is exposed here between truth and power deeming truth to be an earthly entity with nothing more than a dramatized and accepted creation.

Effects of Structural Changes in the Economy of United Kingdom and How Essay

Effects of Structural Changes in the Economy of United Kingdom and How the Labor Market is affected - Essay ExampleThis means that the air in which the human resource departments of various organizations operate under distinct economic conditions is influenced by the prevailing economic conditions hence affecting the moil market. In other words, transfigures that occur in the prudence have significant effects on the labor markets and practices of human resource entities of m some(prenominal) organizations. It is arguably true that the early(prenominal) changes in the economy have a close relationship with what happens today. This is probably brought about by the fact that changes in the economy are caused by mutualist events that take place over time. One of the most conspicuous effects of structural changes of the economy is inequality in the labor markets. This effect is because of different factors that prescribe certain labor relates issues at a national, regional or even the global economy level. This paper addresses how structural changes in the economy affect the labor market and subsequently how human resource practices are influenced by such changes. A closer analysis of this issue draws much information from the trends observed in United Kingdom and London in particular. This explains various economic causative factors that affect the labor market resulting into inequality as one of the main effects. apprehensiveness the Structure of an Economy and the Structural Changes An economy is analyzed using different factors that can be observed within an economy. Parts called sectors are the principal elements of specify and analyzing an economy. It is difficult to assess an economy without understanding the components that make its structures. Sectors may be rigd using groups of industries or even different parts of various industries. Sectors are categorized into primary, secondary or tertiary (Anelore 11). These categories are used to explain d ifferent phenomena associated with structural changes of an economy. Primary sector embrace all activities that are at one time linked to the use of natural resources while secondary sectors include all activities of production of goods (Zoltan 11 Anelore11). The tertiary sector refers to all services in the underground sector such as insurance, banking, and finance among others (Unknown Author, 2 Mukesh et al. 38). A combination of primary and secondary sectors is referred to as the goods sector (Smith & Grant 76). The three sectors of the economy that define the structures of an economy are pertinent in highlighting various effects of structural changes of the economy to labor markets. It is obvious that when in that location are shifts in any of these sectors, there are certain changes that are structural within the economy thus affecting the labor market. This is because employment and employment requirements are influenced by the economy. Although there is a no a consensus o ver what elements that define structural changes of an economy, there are different theoretical explanations that define these changes. Irrespective of the varied perspectives by different intellectuals, structural changes within an economy can be defined as changes that have occurred within an economy causing fundamental shifts in the way an economy is organized to hitherto. This makes it necessary to understand past trends of an economy before embarking on investigating current trends. In relation to the effects of the changes to the labor market, structural change of an economy is the shift from manufacturing-dependent to service based

Regulation of Interest Groups by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act Essay

Regulation of Interest Groups by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform affect - Essay ExampleThe Bipartisan Campaigns Reform Act came along with two unique features that were not covered in the earlier federal act. One demand of the BCRA was that the amount of soft-money contributions by interest groups be limited during the advertise period. This was effected by instituting federal limits to bar spending or raising of finances that be beyond the preset values. Secondly, this new virtue defined electioneering communications that required that no corporation would be allowed to fund the advertisements that had to be done 30 days before the primary elections or 60 days before a general election (Campaign Finance Institute, 2006). In addition, the candidates had to declare their names in spite of appearance the advertisement and confirm to consecrate authorized the airing of such an advertisement. The impact of the new law was to minimize the influence that interest groups had maintained in the campaign by either funding the process or contributing to advertisements. Surprisingly, the provisions of these laws have faced a lot of antagonism from numerous federal candidates that have raised concerns regarding the restriction of utilization of financial resources during the campaign period. One issue that has seen many political parties and organization move to court is the pre-BCRA constitutional provision on the 527 organizations that were not covered adequately in the regulation of soft money spending. The law required that the 527 organizations such as Media Fund and Swift Board Veterans for honor spend at least 50% of hard money in their campaign expenses while participating in federal campaigns. In 2007, the Federal pick Commission was forced to impose fines on these organizations after they had failed to abide to the financing laws governing the election process. In addition, in 2007, the US Supreme Court turn over the BCRA condition that limited the interes t groups from contributing to the financing of media adverts on the ground that this restriction was unconstitutional. As Boatright (2006) points out, BCRA has received abundant criticism and the public demand is that this law be changed to include more realistic regulation of interest group contributions to the campaign process. From above experience, its worthy to note that the BCRA has numerous weaknesses that warrant its revision to strive an effective regulation of interest groups. The United States President, Barack Obama, in 2010 announced the need for US to pass a bill that would restrict financial spending in the campaign period, and particularly the contribution of the specific interest groups. His argument was that the BCRA law is subject to alteration by the Supreme Court as long as this law does not state implicitly the specific amounts that federal candidates would

What problems are currently encountered in schooling with regard to Essay

What problems are currently encountered in schooling with regard to issues of gender or race or class How would your ideal education system tackle these issues - Essay ExampleIn the UK schools, classrooms have children from different race, class, religion, and customs. So, the children in their development stage, mentally and physically act with children of different ethnic groups and social status. These interactions can turn bad if the right kind of attention is not given by the education system. Gender dissimilarity in school is another problem that can have bad effects on growing child as it is the time when children set out exploring themselves and start recognizing their part in the society.As per the reports in the late 2009, racial problems among the UK school children touched up to 40,000 cases, which give us an idea that its growing as an issue of national importance. The cases include all categories of pupil right from indigenous school to higher school level. Mostly, in cases where a toddler or primary school children is involved in calling nick names or jokes that have racial inclination, its never taken into notice that these small kids are not aware of the length and depth of the word racism. Many of these cases involving school children are those which can be solved within the classroom with a well needed involvement and attention of the teacher. The problem of racial issue gets an unwanted attention when the local authorities and media are involved and the teachers are needful to report and fill in the forms regarding the issue. This is the time when the existence of racial division gets into the mind of young children. The Race Relations Act 2000 was enacted to remove the discrimination down the stairs close observation of public authorities and schools. They had to observe the reflection of the policy with regard to educational achievements of students from various races. In 2002, the policy newly included legitimate other regulations in school by which each school has to observe and inform any kind of racial events to the concerned local

Lens Crafters Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lens Crafters Case Study - Essay ExampleThe value chain focuses on streamlining both the intimate and foreign accompanimentors of the judicature and improving on their human resource and product creation.Operation management activities are focused on ensuring an organization addresses specific issues affecting the organization by analyzing the impressiveness of each process undertaken by the organization (Tarun, 2012). Customer experience is improved by how effectively an organization handles both its external and internal operations. In creating an efficient operation administration scheme, one major impediment is creating an evenhanded system monitoring every operation. This could be solved by excogitation priorities in the operation within the association as Leitner & Sihn (2012) argue. An additional test is how effectual the changes in operation would manipulate customer awareness on an organization. This could be solved by enacting customer research approaches that would a llow an organization understand the customer trends in terms of demand and opportunities.Lens Crafters value chain is effective in ensuring that the organization retains a significant competitive advantage in the securities industry. The quality of the value chain has ensured Lens Crafters enjoy a comfortable market position in terms of customer satisfaction. The value chain mostly focuses on putting in place the right human resource squad and creating customer satisfaction products. The value chain in Lens Crafters has enabled the organization to monitor and improve on its major operations.The most significant performance mensuration strategy on the dish delivery design would be consumer reaction and perception of the organization. This could be determined by analyzing the sales or consumer feedback on service delivery. Evaluation of sales and consumer feedback are most appropriate in gauging a service delivery design. The selection of sales numbers is based on the fact that sa les depict the accurate consumer perception on a

What is a Woman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What is a Woman - Essay ExampleKant described a charr in terms of everything beautiful in this world. He believed that they contain chief ground for the contrast between the beautiful and noble qualities in gentlemans gentleman nature. He also believed that fe antherals have the ability to refine the males. In my opinion, human generation advanced a lot from the Kant era and if Kant lived in the twenty-first century, he would have definitely changed some of his opinions. Females have no hesitation in doing evil acts now. Former Indian Prime Minister Mrs. Gandhi was even dared to declare an soupcon in the country in order to silence her critics and to suppress the rights of the people. Many of the evil acts in this world at present are performed by the males because of the opinion of the females. If we cannot define a charr in terms of female qualities or behaviors, then we have that one option left define the woman in terms of their familial differences. Simon de Beauvoir argue d that if today womanhood no continuing exists, then it never existed (Beauvoir, p.87). In other words, Simon de Beauvoir believes that femininity has not changed oer the years. Simon de Beauvoirs opinions are right only if we define femininity in terms of physical attributes. It is a fact that the physical characteristics of woman have not been changed over the years. However, the same thing cannot be said about the mental characteristics or qualities of females as described by Immanuel Kant. The modern woman has no hesitation in doing everything just like their male counterparts. ... Many of the evil acts in this world at present are performed by the males because of the persuasion of the females. If we cannot define a woman in terms of female qualities or behaviours, then we have only one option left define the woman in terms of their genetic differences. Simon de Beauvoir argued that if today femininity no longer exists, then it never existed (Beauvoir, p.87). In other words, S imon de Beauvoir believes that femininity has not changed over the years. Simon de Beauvoirs opinions are right only if we define femininity in terms of physical attributes. It is a fact that the physical characteristics of woman have not been changed over the years. However, same thing cannot be said about the mental characteristics or qualities of females as described by Immanuel Kant. Modern woman has no hesitation in doing everything just like their male counterparts. In fact they are arguing for equality in every respect and they see not differences in abilities of mental characteristics of males and females. They are no longer the entities which look only the beautiful side of life. Current woman are actively participating in most of the male dominant professions. Even in militaries of many countries, women play a vital role in wars and other military functions. Many of the biggest organizations in the world have women CEOs at present. PepsiCo is one best example. In short, cu rrent women argue for equality with males in every respect and they succeeded in achieving it up to certain extent. Under such circumstances, femininity lost its meanings in the modern society. In short, if femininity or woman is defined in terms of genetic differences (ovaries and uterus), we can safely conclude that

Media globalization's effect on the creation of a hybrid identity and Research Paper

Media globalizations effect on the creation of a hybrid identity and the use of the net profit to project this simulated image of self - Research Paper Exampleerally implies the sweeping changes in demographic, cultural, and technological trends which, in their turn, turn cosmopolitanism into the distinctive feature of the bite reality. The question is in whether individuals have a chance to preserve their own uniqueness and withstand the pressure of cosmopolitanism without losing their cultural and individual identity. Second, although globalization opens new frontiers and facilitates foreign contacts and relationships, many cultures and individuals perceive globalization as a serious threat to their identity. Given the overall irreversibility of the globalization processes, social scientists must develop new concrete frameworks, which will make globalization work for the benefit of the cultural masses. Finally, applied science is fairly regarded as the principal driver of glob alization in the postmodern world. Therefore, how technology impacts identities, and what globalization has to do with the rapid involution of global media requires detailed analysis. This knowledge will help to prevent and reduce the scope of identity crises, which necessarily surveil the intervention of the new forms of global media and technological communication with countries, cultures, and individual selves.Globalization and its Theoretical Dimensions. The current state of literature provides an insight into what globalization is, how it impacts identities, and how the rapid expansion of the global media instruments contributes to the development of the new identity thinking. Despite a wealth of literature on the topic, many questions are still without answers. Moreover, how to conceptualize globalization rest the issue of the mounting scholarly concern. Generally, globalization meansthe transformation of temporal and spatial limitation, that is the shrinking of distance du e to the dramatic reduction in the time needed to bridge spatial differences that has, in turn, resulted in the gradual integration of political, economic,

Web 2.0 Technology and Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

blade 2.0 Technology and Education - Essay ExampleIndeed, while the use of engineering in classroom has addressed the individual needs and requirements of students, its application in myriad formats has opened bulky possibilities for students and teachers alike to exploit their potential for higher learning. The advancing engineering and Web 2 tools have increasingly emerged as key elements to tinct students learning progeny and made acquisition of knowledge highly interesting. They have therefore, widened their panorama of educational scope and outcome. Statement of problem In the current times, not using Web 2 tools could pose serious problems for students. Technology is intrinsically link up to development processes and its huge impact on education system has necessitated its inclusion within the curricula to enhance learning outcome. Valdez has emphasized that educators must be ready for technology rich future and promote dynamic strategies and tools within the curricula so that the students are prepared to meet the challenges of the 21st century (1). The current generation of tech stab students is no more satisfied with classroom teaching and is constantly seeking real time learning through new tools which can challenge their abilities to research new avenues of knowledge acquisition (Akyeampong 3860). Web 2 provides the students with interactive media to share their knowledge and at the same time, facilitate their learning processes by sharing experience, opinions and views on different areas and issues (Greenhow et al., 247). Thus, Web 2 has wide ramifications on individual learning and its inclusion within curricula becomes key element of motivation. They help individuals with vary needs to optimize their learning outcome and ensure higher achievement. Thus, not using Web 2 tools could seriously hinder students personal and academic achievements. Purpose of the study The major purpose of the study is to explore how the use of Web 2 tools influ ence learning process and enhance education outcome. Today, technology has become part and portion of education system and the use of internet and online learning tools have increasingly become popular within and outside classroom. But the efficacy of the Web 2 tools like social networking, blogging and use of video sharing websites etc. needs to be explored within the academia to study their impact on students learning outcome. just about importantly, how it can be exploited for enhancing students learning is vital issue that must be explored and evaluated to ensure students continued interest in the core academic areas. The huge possibilities of internet based learning offers tremendous scope of growth that needs to be used by educators for enhancing students education outcome. Hypothesis 1. What are the main elements of Web 2 that make it attractive for students? 2. Do the Web 2 tools offer different challenges for students with varying skills? 3. How does Web 2 help to influen ce the learning processes of students with varying needs? 4. How does the interactive platform of Web 2 help to widen the understanding of different issues? 5. Do the web 2 platforms promote global value and improve and improvise learning outcome across the geographical boundaries of class, color, race and culture? 6. How do Web 2 tools encourage greater interaction amongst students and teachers? 7. How does it impact reading, writing and comprehension skills of students? 8. How does it keep the students motivated in the academic learning? 9. How can teachers exploit the vast potential of Web 2 tools for enhancing students education outcome? What is Web 2.0? According to OReilly the Web 2 tools are internet based technologies and platforms of communication like social netwo

The Global Supply Chain Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The Global yield Chain Management - Assignment ExampleThis demonstrate discusses thatthe globalization of trade in the last 10 years has expanded dramatically and when it comes to Fashion, the possibilities are unlimited. Supply image management contributes the maximum for companies to leverage their communication channel standards internationally. My goal in this paper is to present a study on Global supply chain Management along with its elements and compounds for a better brain of its function. The paper explores the Global supply chain management through a rigorous study from available books and journals pertaining to the context, and then gradually I would move towards the plan of this paper i.e. to conduct a case study on The Global Supply chain Management of Zara.As the report highlightsthe supply chain is referred to the time or series of events in which the product is flowing or circulating, and adding value to the value of that particular product. The events refer to the assembling, converting, and distributing the products. In other words supply chain management is all about creating a link which connects the producer/ manufacturer with the distributors and most importantly to the final consumer. This link is a dedicated service which is ingenuous in its function. While the institute of supply management Inc USA, defines the edge as a seamless management and a process that adds value to the organization by reaching the end consumer beyond boundaries.... In other words supply chain management is all about creating a link which connects the producer/manufacturer with the distributors and most importantly to the final consumer. This link is a dedicated service which is transparent in its function (Alan, 2009). While the institute of supply management Inc USA, defines the term as a seamless management and a process that adds value to the organization by reaching the end consumer beyond boundaries. Apart from the essential activities obscure i n its function, it also encompasses the association and contribution of their respective channel partners, providers, suppliers or intermediaries (Supply Chain Management). Fig. 1.0 Supply Chain Activities Why Global Supply Chain Management? The globalization of the clothing industry has enabled designer brands, manufacturers and retailers to reach out to as m some(prenominal) consumers as possible. However, the goods produced by this industry have a short life span, the demand for new concept is huge. To balance this complex chain of demand and supply many firms have chosen to incorporate with channel partners all across the world in different countries (SAHCC). Today most of the top apparel companies are managing their competition through respective partners. it is quite pellucid that an independent company with all its resources may not be able to give stiff competition to its competitor and with the proper downstream arrangement of the work at the input level, up to the outpu t level and finally being distributed by the collaborated efforts of the channel partners would ensure a successful strategy of overpowering any competition (Supply Chain Management). Components of Supply Chain management Joel, in his book highlights the most important

How a project different from operations work Essay Example for Free

How a project different from trading operations work EssayA project is very different from an operation work. In fact, projects and operations comprise the only two aspects of work existing in any organization. Of course, depending on the size and the needs of the organization, projects may or may not be part of existing programs or portfolios- both of them can be broken into several projects (PMI, 2013). Projects and operations are different in various ways. Here I list some of them in contrast initiation, duration, operation process and budget. 1. Initiation. Projects are initiated by organizations for a variety of reasons, such as to meet a stage business need, attain a strategic objective or meet a market demand. Projects are hitd under specific needs. While operations work are to make sure the organization run smoothly, effectively, and professionally. Operations consist of all the activities that contribute directly to an organizations main areas of work (Wetfeet, 2012 ).Consider a garb manufactory, which manufactures and sells clothing in its own stores. Operations would include everything from the manufacturing of clothing, to the shipment of that clothing to its retail stores, to the systems the company uses to track clothing thats sold at regular prices, at cut-rate sale prices, returned by the customer, and so on. It would also include the fulfillment of orders placed on the companys website, and the customer service staff that helps customers with problems, complaints, or other issues. However, if the company has decided to spring up a series of special clothing for this years Christmas, which will be sold only during the Christmas season, this initiative has become a project. 2. Duration. Projects are atypical in nature with a definite start and end.A project will end when it reaches its goal, or is terminated for various reasons (eg. the organization has changed the goal of the project, or the goal is not achievableetc.), while operatio ns start and end with the establishment and the closing of the company. It is also notable that a project can demise for years or months and the effect and impact can last even longer far beyond the end of the project. 3. Operation process. Each project is aimed to create a unique outcome- a product, service or result. The operation process might be very different from one project to another, and the expertise come to can also be very distinctive. For instance, the operation process of a construction project is very different from an agriculture project, and the specific knowledge required will also be different.

School Prayer & the US Constitution Essay Example for Free

School Prayer the US Constitution Essay overtureThere was a lot of happening in 1960s, or so it seems. The jurisprudenceyers, the clerics, the socialists, the politicians, the sacred activists and the common macrocosm they all appe bed to put up virtuallything critical, urgent and spat on their agenda rather exceedingly controversial and nonorious matter the Prayer in Schools. coquette prohibits Prayer in Schools Originally, the Warren solicit of the 1960s sound come forward petiti aner in universe instructs unconstitutional. By examining St. Louis Post-Dispatch, we can cover the story that address ruled out Prayer in Schools emphasizing utter is folding to an arrangement of a neutral stance. The arbitrary dally held June 17, 1963 wrap up that watchword interpretation and recitation of the Lords Prayer as work ons in public rails is unconstitutional. The finding came on the last sidereal day of the courts 1962-63 term. It proclaimed adjournment until Oc tober. The vote was 8 to 1, with umpire Tom C. Clark writing the majority opinion and Justice Potter Stewart delivering the balk.Justice W carsickiam Joseph Brennan Jr. wrote a long agreement in the mainstream outlook as did Justices Arthur J. Goldberg and Justice John Marshall Harlan. The court ruled on two appeals openly c at a timerning attacks on such daily petition and tidings readings at opening exercises in public indoctrinates in mendelevium and Pennsylvania. Conversely, the decision had a far- r severallying effect on such practices in public naturalises across the land. The officially permitted inquiry concerned with the ends was whether such instill recitals abuse the free exercise clause of the frontmost Amendment to the Constitution, which says, sexual intercourse shall make no legal philosophy respecting an physical composition of religion or prohibiting the free exercise on that pointof. Justice Clark declargond that both the Maryland and Pennsylvania cases could be disposed of in the equivalent belief because they heaved the similar fundamental pronouncement under vaguely dissimilar realistic circumstances.Clark order in the light of the history of the First Amendment and of the cases inferring and affecting its necessities, jury hold that the practices at issue and the laws requiring them argon unconstitutional under the establishment clause, under the Fourteenth Amendment of US Constitution. In an earlier case, the court decided June 25, 1962, that the use in natural York public schools of a nondenominational supplicant which had been composed by put forward officials go against the First Amendment. The verdict in the New York case was 6 to 1, with Justice Stewart the lone dissenter. Justice Hugo downhearted was the author of the majority opinion. Justice Felix Frankfurter was ill at the time and did non go badicipate. He afterwards resigned and was succeeded by Justice Arthur Goldberg. Justice Byron R. White, immatu re on the court, did not participate because he did not list the lines that preceded the ruling. Justice Clark wrote in 1963 decision that the place of religion in our society is an exalted one, achieved through a long tradition of reliance on the home, the church service and the inviolable citadel of the individual heart and mind.In the kind among domain and religion, the state is firmly committed to a position of neutrality. guaninegh the cover of that rule contracts interpretation of a delicate sort, the rule itself is clearly and concisely stated in the linguistic process of the First Amendment. In his dissent, Justice Stewart declared it was a fallacious oversimplification to observe supplies of the First Amendment as launching a single constitutional standard of musical interval of church and state which can be useful perfunctorily in every case to outline the requisite limitations between government and religion. He err in the first place if they do not recognize, as a matter of history and a matter of the imperatives of the free society, that religion and government mustiness necessarily cooperate in unlimited customs. Al gramgh, the previous court decisions have made clear that there is no constitutional bar to use of government property for religious purposes, he state that previous court decisions relating to the public schools systems were inadequate to religious instruction or proselytizing actions of religious sects by chucking the weight of secular authority in the wake of the air the religious doctrine.He saw no d anger to the government or religion in the exercises involved in the Maryland and Pennsylvania cases because they involved nonetheless a reading of the Bible single handed by remarks which otherwise constitute instruction. He felt the records of the Maryland and Pennsylvania cases were so essentially barely as to make impossible an informed or accountable resolve of the constitutional issues offered. He didnt agree t hat on the records they can say that the establishment clause has necessarily been violated. He favored sending both the Maryland and Pennsylvania cases back to the lower courts for taking of additional evidence. In the Maryland case, Mrs. Madalyn E. Murray and her 16-year-old son, identifying themselves as atheists, attacked constitutionality of a Balti more(prenominal) city school board regulation. The regulation called for daily opening exercises of Bible reading and recitation of the Lords Prayer. Objecting students are permitted to be excused from the exercises. Marylands court of appeals, by a 4-to-3 vote, ruled against objections by the Murrays.The state court said the Constitutions First amendment was not intended to stifle all rapport between religion and government. apprize for the Murrays argued before the haughty Court that the Maryland practice breached the figurative wall between church and state. The court was told that the son, William Murray, had been wounded by t he practice in that he had lost devisee, had been spat on, and was assailed by fellow students of William. In the Pennsylvania case, a three-judge United States district court in Philadelphia unanimously carry on protestations to a state law requiring Bible reading daily at opening exercises of the schools.(Woods) Historical perspective of the US Constitution When the essential Convention initially gathered in Philadelphia in 1787, the spectral backdrop of the states was diverse. Most states gave authorized gratitude to one recognized spiritual value. For Instance, The state of Virginia, accepted the Episcopal church service as representative of the state. ghost exchangeable belief as a central part of colonial life was not in query. Somewhat, sacred matters that occured among states centered on the variations amid states conventional values. The semipolitical moving-picture show in addition turned off scripts of disunity.The Articles of Confederation had proved insufficien t for governing, and the states were aggressive over issues of taxationnamely, which should pay the costs incurred by the Revolutionary War. As the perfect Convention assembled, observers supposed the thought of a Constitution, much less a nation, was delicate and quickly fading. Presided by George Washington, this conference of close to of the original Founders was observed as a last endeavor for unity. During the Constitutional Convention, states quarreled and self-interest thrived, to the point that no fare was beingness made. It was then that an aged Ben Franklin stood and said In the beginning of the skirmish with Britain, when we were sensible of danger, we had daily prayers in this room for Divine protection. Our prayers, Sir, were heard, and they were graciously answered. All of us who were engrossd in the struggle must have observed denounce instances of a superintending providence in our favor and have we now forgotten this powerful Friend? Or do we imagine we no l onger take a elbow room His assistance? I have lived, Sir, a long time, and the longer I live, the more convincing proofs I see of this truth that beau ideal governs in the personal matters of man.And if a sparrow cannot fall to the ground without His notice, is it probable that an empire can rise without His aid? I therefore beg leave to move that, henceforth, prayers beseeching the assistance of Heaven and its blessings on our deliberations be held in this assembly every morning before we proceed to business The 81-year-old Benjamin Franklin was not one of the more religiously-minded Founding Fathershe actually believed more in the rational views of the French Enlightenmentyet he was entrusting to acknowledge the importance of prayer to the political aspirations of a nation. Not a prayer bound to a denomination, kindred the states already had, only prayer that acknowledged God as the Creator and Sustainer, prayer that outmoded the trivial blocs of authoritatively standard f oundations. (MacLeod 1) Landmark Cases of haughty Court ENGEL V. VITALE (1962) The Regents School Prayer What authority, if any, does the government have when it comes religious rituals like prayers? Can a government write specific prayers for public school students to recite every day? That used to be the case in many places in America, unless that was challenged and ultimately struck down by the Supreme Court.This is one of the most important cases in the history of the Supreme Courts church/state decisions. The State come on of Regents, which had supervisory power over New York public schools, had become concerned nearly an apparent decline in the morality of school students and so began a program of moral and spiritual training in the schools. This program included a prayer every morning which the Regents themselves had composed in a nondenominational form. Labeled the To whom it may concern prayer by one commentator, it stated Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upo n Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and our Country. A mathematical group of 10 parents were joined by the ACLU in a suit against the Board of Education of New Hyde Park, New York because they had adopted that prayer. Amicus curiae briefs were filed by the American respectable Union, the American Jewish Committee and the Synagogue Council of America.Both the state court and the New York Court of Appeals allowed the prayer to be recited. Arguments were made on April 3rd, 1962. On June 25, 1962, the Supreme Court ruled 7 to 1 that it was unconstitutional for a government agency like a school or government agents like public school employees to require students to recite prayers. In his majority opinion, Justice Black sided substantially with the arguments of the legal insulationists, who quoted heavily from Thomas Jefferson and made extensive use of his wall of separation metaphor. Particular emphasis was placed upon pack Madisons Memorial and Remo nstrance against religious Assessments. According to Black, the governmentally throwd prayer recitation is much like the English creation of the Book of Common Prayer. It was to avoid exactly this type of relationship between government and organized religion that many early colonists came to America. In his words, the prayer was a practice wholly inconsistent with the brass article.Although the Regents argued that there was no compulsion on students to recite the prayer, Black observed that Neither the item that the prayer may be denominationally neutral nor the fact that its observances on the part of students are voluntary can serve to free it from the limitations of the makeup Clause The Establishment clause is violated regardless of whether there is any showing of direct government compulsionwhether those laws operate directly to coerce non-observing individuals or not. As if he anticipated the harsh public reaction, Black attempted to point out that the decision shows grea t respect for religion, not hostility. It is uncomplete sacrilegious nor anti-religious to say that each sort out government in this country should stay out of the business of writing or sanctioning official prayers and leave that purely religious post to the pack themselves and to those the people choose to look to for religious guidance. This case was one of the first in a series of cases, many in the 1960s, in which a variety of religious activities sponsored by the government were found to violate the Establishment Clause.This was the first case which effectively prohibited the government from sponsoring or endorsing official prayers in schools, not Abington School District v. Schempp (from the following year) as is commonly thought. People were outraged that official prayers were no longer permitted in schools, although their anger was directed more often than not at the cases which were decided in the following years. Representative of most reactions was a statement from evangelist Billy Graham, who still opposes church/state separation rase today This is another step toward the secularization of the United States. The framers of our Constitution supposet we were to have freedom of religion, not freedom from religion. Engel v. Vitale got the ball rolling on the separation of church and state in the latter half of the 20th century. (Cline, About Agnosticism / Atheism) ABINGTON SCHOOL DIST. v. SCHEMPP MURRAY v. CURLETT (1963) Since of the embargo of the First Amendment against the acting out by sexual congress of any law respecting an establishment of religion, which is made valid to the States by the Fourteenth Amendment, no state law or school board may require that passages from the Bible be read or that the Lords Prayer be recited in the public schools of a State at the beginning of each school day redden if individual students may be excused from attending or participating in such exercises upon written request of their parents. Mutually these cases transactc with state-approved reading of Bible passages before classes in public schools.Schempp was conveye to trial by a religious family who had dropped a line to the ACLU. The Schempps defied a Pennsylvania law which declared that at least(prenominal) ten verses from the Holy Bible shall be read, without comment, at the opening of each public school day. Any child shall be excused from such Bible reading, or attending such Bible reading, upon written request of his parent or guardian. A federal district court banned this. Murray was conveyed to trial by an atheist Madalyn Murray (later OHair), who was functioning on the part of her sons, William and Garth. Murray defied a Baltimore statute that supplied for the reading, without comment, of a chapter of the Holy Bible and/or of the Lords Prayer before the start of classes. This act was sustained by both a state court and the Maryland Court of Appeals in the Supreme Court. Opinions for both cases were taken notice of on the 27th and twenty-eighth of February, 1963. On the 17th of June, 1963, the Court ruled 8-1 against of allowing the reciting of the Bible verses and the Lords Prayer. Justice Clark wrote at length in his majority opinion about the history and significance of religion in America, but his finale was that the Constitution prohibits any concern of religion, that prayer is a form of religion, and that hence state- sponsored or mandated prayer in public schools cannot be permissible.For the foremost moment, an examination was formed to assess Establishment questions ahead of courts what are the purpose and primary effect of the enactment? If either is the advancement or quelling of religion then the enactment exceeds the scope of legislative power as circumscribed by the Constitution. That is to say that to withstand the structures of the Establishment Clause there must be a secular legislative purpose and a primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion. emphasis added J ustice Brennan wrote in a concurring opinion that, spot legislators argued that they had a secular purpose with their law, their goals could have been achieved with readings from secular document. The law, however, only specified the use of religious literature and prayer. That the Bible readings were to be made without comment demonstrate even further that the legislators knew that they were dealing with specifically religious literature and wanted to avoid sectarian interpretations. A violation of the Free Exercise Clause was in addition created by the coercive effect of the readings.That this might demand only minor encroachments on the First Amendment, as argued by others, was unrelated. The proportional study of religious belief in public schools is not nix but those religious adherences were not crafted with such visions in mentality. ABINGTON SCHOOL DIST. v. SCHEMPP was fundamentally a replicate of the Courts earlier Court Decision in Engel v. Vitale, in which the Court acknowledged constitutional violations and struck the legislation. As with Engel, the Court held that the voluntary nature of religious exercises (even allowing parents to exempt their children) did not prevent the statutes from violating the Establishment Clause. There was, of course, an intensely negative public reaction. In May 1964, there were more than 145 proposed constitional amendments in the House of Representatives which would permit school prayer and effectively change state both decisions. Representative L. Mendell Rivers accused the Court of legislating they never adjudicate with one eye on the Kremlin and the other on the NAACP. carmine Spellman claimed that the decision struck at the very heart of the Godly tradition in which Americas children have for so long been raised.Although people frequently argue that Murray, who later instituted the American Atheists, was the women who got prayer put the boot of public schools and, it should be apparent that even had sh e never survived, the Schempp case still would have approached to the Supreme Court in somewhat moment in time . (Cline, About Agnosticism / Atheism) LEMON v. KURTZMAN (1971) There are a lot of people in America who would like to see the government provide funding to close, religious schools. Critics argue that this would violate the separation of church and state and sometimes the courts agree with this position. This was actually three separate cases maize v. Kurtzman, Earley v. DiCenso, and Robinson v. DiCenso. These cases from Pennsylvania and Rhode Island were joined together because they all involved public assistance to private schools, some of which were religious. The final decision has become known by the first case in the list Lemon v. Kurtzman.Pennsylvanias law provided for paying the salaries of teachers in parochial schools and assisting the purchasing of textbooks or other program line supplies, as required by Pennsylvanias Non-Public Elementary and Secondary Edu cation Act of 1968. In Rhode Island, the 15% of the salaries of private school teachers was paid by the government as mandated by the Rhode Island Salary Supplement Act of 1969. In both cases the teachers were teaching secular, not religious, subjects. Arguments were made on March 3rd, 1971. On June 28th, 1971, the Supreme Court unanimously found that direct government assistance to religious schools was unconstitutional. In the majority opinion written by Chief Justice Burger, the Court created what has become known as the Lemon Test for deciding if a law is in violation of the Establishment Clause. Accepting the secular purpose committed to both statutes by the law-makers, the Court did not pass on the secular effect test, inasmuch as excessive entanglement was found. This entanglement arose because the legislature has not, and could not, provide state aid on the basis of a mere assumption that secular teachers under religious discipline can avoid conflicts.The State must be cert ain, given the Religion Clauses, that subsidized teachers do not inculcate religion. Because the schools concerned were religious schools, because they were under the control of the church hierarchy, and because the primary purpose of the schools was the propagation of the faith, a comprehensive, discriminating, and continuing state surveillance will inevitably be required to ensure that these obligeions on religious utilization of aid are obeyed and the First Amendment otherwise respected. This sort of relationship could lead to any number of political problems in areas in which a large numbers of students attend religious schools just the sort of situation that the First Amendment was designed to prevent. Chief Justice Burger further wrote Every analysis in this area must begin with consideration of the cumulative criteria developed by the Court over many years. First, the statute must have a secular legislative purpose second, its principal or primary effect must be one that ne ither advances or inhibits religion finally, the statute must not foster and excessive government Entanglement with religion.The excessive entanglement criteria was a new addition to the other two, which had already been created in the Abington Township School District v. Schempp. The two statutes in question were held to be in violation of this third criteria. This decision is especially significant because it created the same Lemon Test for evaluating laws relating to the relationship between church and state. It is a benchmark for all later decisions regarding religious liberty some people love it, some hate it. (Cline, About Agnosticism / Atheism) Court Tests Applied to Legislation Affecting Religion The Lemon Test Founded on the 1971 case of Lemon v. Kurtzman, the Court will regulate a practice unconstitutional if 1) It lacks any secular purpose. That is, if the practice lacks any non-religious purpose. 2) The practice either promotes or inhibits religion. 3) Or the practice excessively (in the Courts opinion) involves government with a religion.The Coercion Test Based on the 1992 case of Lee v. Weisman, the religious practice is examined to see to what extent, if any, pressure is utilise to force or coerce individuals to participate. The Court has defined that Unconstitutional coercion occurs when (1) the government directs (2) a formal religious exercise (3) in such a way as to oblige the participation of objectors. The Endorsement Test Finally, drawing from the 1989 case of Allegheny County v. ACLU, the practice is examined to see if it unconstitutionally endorses religion by conveying a message that religion is favored, preferred, or promoted over other beliefs. The Establishment Clause and the Lemon Tests Based on its 1971 decision in the case of Lemon v. Kurtzman, the Supreme Court came up with the three tests of any religion-related law.The Lemon test is still used by the Court today to determine whether or not the law meets constitutional muste r. In order for any law to satisfy the First Amendment, it 1) Must have some secular, or non-religious legal purpose 2) must neither promote or inhibit the practice of religion and 3) must not must not foster an excessive government entanglement with religion. In its Lemon decision, the Supreme Court concludes, if a statute violates any of these three principles, it must be struck down under the Establishment Clause. Lemon Test v. The decennary Commandments When viewed against the Lemon tests, the first four of the Ten Commandments would fail because they have no secular, or non-religious legal purpose. Instead, they concern only specific religious duties expected of believers. 1. green shalt have no other gods before me. 2. Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them.3. Thou shalt not take the n ame of the LORD thy God in vain. 4. Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. However, commandments 5-10, taken by themselves, make no mention of religion at all. Instead, they are all rules of proper conduct by people in society and are thus completely secular in nature. 5. Honour thy father and thy mother. 6. Thou shalt not kill. 7. Thou shalt not commit adultery. 8. Thou shalt not steal. 9. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour. 10. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbours house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbours wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is thy neighbours. But, the Aderholt Amendment did not rule out the first four commandments from contemplation. The 284 U.S. Representatives vote for it. They drew from the flavours of the people who engraved the Constitution. (US Govt. Info, Court Tests) dissolution of Church and State Separation of church and state is not even stated in the U.S. Constitution, si nce its drafters did not perceive a dichotomy between their religious beliefs and the manuscript that constructed their Republic.However separation of church and state came primarily from two sources, a letter Thomas Jefferson wrote to a group of ministers and from the U.S. Supreme Court case, Everson v. Board of Education. The Danbury Letter. Thomas Jefferson wrote the famous phrase separation of church and state in a letter to the Committee of the Danbury Baptist Association in Connecticut. He was responding to the letter they had written, part of which said Our Sentiments are uniformly on the side of Religious LibertyThat Religion is at all times and places a Matter between God and IndividualsThat no man ought to suffer in Name, person or effects on account of his religious OpinionsThat the legitimate Power of civil Government extends no further than to punish the man who works ill to his neighbor. Jeffersons response to their letter was amicable.He said, Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man and his God, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legislative powers of government reach actions only, and not opinions emphasis added, I contemplate with sovereign fright that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, thus twist a wall of separation between Church and State. Adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience, I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights, convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties. Jeffersons contract bridge of a wall of separation between Church and State expressed his opinion that the federal government did not have the authority to prescribe even occasional performances of relig ious devotion.He did not question the validity of religious belief, but he constructed his wall to protect religious freedom of conscience from the potential of one federally recognized religion. His fears were well founded. In his Inaugural Address of the previous year, Jefferson had noted that America had banished from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered. Clearly, Jefferson decried the federal domination of religious freedom through one established church. In addition, when Jefferson founded the University of Virginia, the Pamphlet of University Regulations included two sections that read No dogmatic attendance on prayers or services. Each denomination to send a clergyman to conduct daily prayers and Sunday service for two weeks. Was this a man who would have sanctioned the complete removal of any form of prayer from the public schools of America? Obviously, Thomas Jeffersons views on church and state have been grossly distorted.Evers on v. Board of Education. The second notable mention of the phrase separation of church and state came in the 1947 U.S. Supreme Court case, Everson v. Board of Education. The plaintiff argued the New Jersey law that reimbursed parents for the cost of bus transportationto public and religious schoolsviolated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. The Supreme Court said that it did not. In the majority opinion, however, Justice Hugo Black used language to set the stage for damaging rulings in the approaching. He wrote that the Establishment Clause created a complete separation between the state and religion. Jeffersons letter was written 10 years after the ratification of the First Amendment, yet Black relied upon his own interpretation of Jeffersons words, rather than on the text of the First Amendment, to set the Everson precedent for future rulings. Twentieth-Century Cases Twentieth-century courts, based predominately on Jeffersons letter and on the precedent Justice Bla ck created in Everson, have argued that the Constitution intended to separate all religious expression from public life.Yet that ignores the textual history and the original intent of James Madison, the author of these religion clauses. It also ignores the broad, historical context. The men who hammered out each section of the Constitution also believed in the importance of daily prayer. The Establishment Clause has often been misinterpreted to mean that any link to religion is establishing religion. One of the causes of this is a simple alteration of the wording in the First Amendment. The clause reads, sexual relation shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion. It does not read, Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, as it is often misquoted. If the article is read as the, then it refers to establishment of all religion in general. If the article is an, then it clearly refers to a specific religion or denominationan interpretation app rove up by historical records. Realizing that the amendment uses the word an helps clarify the meaning of the Framers.So, rather than attempting to separate themselves from religious belief and expression, the Framers were trying to keep one denomination from being favored over another. The ordinal-century cases pertinent to the issue of school prayer do not recognize those differences. They have clearly been built upon the framework created by Everson, as summaries of key cases demonstrate McCollum v. Board of Education (1948). It is a violation of the Establishment Clause for Jewish, Catholic or Protestant religious leaders to lead elective/voluntary religious instruction in public school buildings. Engel v. Vitale (1962). The daily recitation of prayer in public schools is unconstitutional. Abington School District v. Schempp (1963). Daily school-directed reading of the Bible (without comment), and daily recitation of the Lords Prayer, violates the Establishment Clause when per formed in public schools. Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971). This ruling created the three-part Lemon test for determining violations of the Establishment Clause. Stone v. Graham (1980).The Court struck down a state law requiring public schools to post the Ten Commandments (with a notice of secular application). Wallace v. Jaffree (1985). A state law requiring a moment of meditation or voluntary prayer was struck down as an establishment of religion because the intent of the legislature was deemed to be religious rather than secular. By Justice Stevens scripting the mass judgment, the Court decided 6-3 that the Alabama law providing for a moment of silence was unconstitutional. The decision underlined that surveillance the Supreme Court apply while assessing the constitutionality of government actions. Pretty than allow the argument that the inclusion of or voluntary prayer was a slight hookup with a bit realistic implication, the goal of the legislature that approved it was adequate to di splay the unconstitutionality of prayer. Lee v. Weisman (1992). A private, nongovernmental individual (in this case a rabbi) at a public school graduation cannot offer prayer. Student rights were infringed upon, according to the Court, because the important nature of the event in effect compelled them to attend graduation.That, in effect, compelled students to bow their heads and be respectful during the prayer, which the Court ruled was a constitutional violation. Santa Fe Independent School District v. Jane Doe (2000). The Court struck down a school districts policy that allowed an elected student chaplain to open football games with a public prayer. Even though high school football games are purely voluntary activities, the Court concluded that the policy establishes an improper majoritarian election on religion, and unquestionably has the purpose and creates the perception of encouraging the delivery of prayer at a series of important school events. Each of those cases paid atte ntion on the Establishment Clause to the damage of the Free Exercise Clause. That has been the trend of the twentieth century. The courts have too quickly forgotten that the Constitution explicitly protects the free exercise of religion. (MacLeod 2-3) The earlier cases were more black and white, and the later ones were more grey in terms of the issues Stink of Unfairness in Later School Prayer Cases The era of 1980s instigated with a diktat not in favor of the Ten Commandments in public school classrooms, and by 1985 even so much as one minute of silence, for meditation or prayer by students, turned out to be inviolable even though firm decisions delivered by the supreme court (see Engel v. Vitale. Abington School District v. Schempp, Lemon v. Kurtzman). Engel v. Vitale case was one of the first in its origin in which a range of holy conducts backed by the government were found to defy the Establishment Clause.This was the first case which successfully forbidden the government from sponsoring or endorsing official prayers in schools, not Abington School District v. Schempp which is frequently considered. Public were irritated that official prayers were no longer legalized in schools, although their anger was directed mostly at the cases which were decided in the following years. Delegates of most reactions were a declaration from evangelist Billy Graham, who still refuses to accept church/state separation yet at present. Abington School District v. Schempp case was fundamentally a consequence of the Courts earlier Court Decision in Engel v. Vitale, in which the Court recognized constitutional violations and struck the legislation. As with Engel, the Court held that the voluntary nature of religious exercises. There was, of course, an hugely harmful public behaviour. In May 1964, there were more than 145 proposed constitional amendments in the House of Representatives which would permit school prayer and successfully overturn both verdicts.Lemon v. Kurtzman dec ision was particularly noteworthy because it created the aforementioned Lemon Test for assessing laws relating to the relationship between church and state. It is a yardstick for all later decisions concerning religion freedom. By the turn of the 21st century the displacement of faithfulness from government schools had been merged, and the mugging on religion in public life fanned out into society at large. Proclamations were subjected exalting vice and suppressing virtue. The year2004 saw the outrage of despair, elevated to a full right under the Constitution, even as Gods Ten Commandments were driven off public property. In the supreme court of Alabama the Chief Justice dared to resist, and was stripped of his office. The judicial oligarchy forced all these changes in the name of the Constitution.The school cases were precise to the establishment clause of the First Amendment. So far the Amendment has a complimentary implement of religion clause, which the politburo of nine has e lected to downplay or minimally ignorant. For instance, the Lee v. Weisman decision failed to reverse the standards established by the Court in Lemon. Instead, this ruling extended the prohibition of school prayer to graduation ceremonies and refused to accept the idea that a student would not be harmed by standing during the prayer without sharing the message contained in the prayer. Similarly, Upon reading Santa Fe, Ingebretsen, and Clear Creek II, it seems, with regard to the Establishment Clause, that panels of our court pay dwarfish regard to previous jurisprudence. One might think that a specific holding of a prior opinion is no more than a pull of wind. Santa Fe disregards Clear Creek II today. The next panel can disregard Santa Fe tomorrow. When judges can pick and choose without the constraints imposed by precedent, the public is left stranded, vulnerable to liability, helplessly dependent on the panel it draws. We could fulfill our constitutional and professional duty to the public, vote this case en banc, and be of a single voice. But when our court refuses to rehear en banc cases such as Santa Fe, this unrestrained decision-making goes uncorrected.This failure to act, in turn, allows individual members of our court to continue to engage in an activity that has all the appearance of simply advancing personal philosophy. The Alito Nomination Chief Justice John Roberts and future Justice Samuel Alito probably mean a more conservative Supreme Court. But it probably doesnt mean a stream of clear-cut conservative breakthroughs on abortion, positive action, school prayer or even flag burning. The future of constitutional rulings on those and other hot button issues will be determined by two words Anthony Kennedy. Thats an oversimplification of course. But it seems likely that on a number of issues, there will be four conservatives, four liberals and there will be Justice Kennedy. Unlike Roberts and Alito who went to lengths to leave the world guessing about how they will rule, we know a lot about what Anthony Kennedyism means because he has already faced these issues as a justice. It means hard roe v. Wade isnt overturned, but partial birth abortion is banned and other abortion restrictions are accepted. Affirmative action is more constrained but not ruled unconstitutional. State-sponsored displays of religious symbols are more likely to be tolerated, but the ban on school prayer is not overturned.Burning a U.S. flag to protest, and viewing pornography on the internet continue to be constitutionally protected activities but McCain-Feingold- type regulations on political campaigning are vulnerable to First Amendment challenges. On the first day of the Alito hearings, Sen. Joseph Biden, D.-Del., said that the elephant in the room was the question of whether Alito would roster the decisive votes to reject the direction in which the Supreme Court has been going for the past 70 years. Over the next two and a half days, Alito endorsed some of those precedents (Brown v. the school board, one-person, one-vote, and the Constitutional right of privacy, at least as far as the contraception cases.) Alito also danced artfully around senators efforts to commit himself on some other precedents, most especially relating to abortion. This is the current state-of-the-art strategy for confirmation, and it appears to be working well. The intensity of the pro-choicer campaign against Alito leads one to forget that there are still five votes to affirm Roe, and that on many of the issues liberals care about, Kennedy has affirmed the basic Warren Court breakthrough rulings.Depending on the the health of Kennedy and the four liberals, and the outcome of future elections, the stakes simply may not be as high as Bidens elephants eye. (That was an elaborate conflation of the previous reference with a unoriginal lyric from Oh What a Beautiful Morning. Ask your parents.) If Roberts and Alito turn out to be solid allies of Scalia and T homas, if the liberals stay together and stay well, and if Kennedy sticks with his established positions, that means Roe v. Wade is not overturned. Kennedy and the four liberals have already rejected that idea. But the congressional ban partial birth abortion is upheld. Kennedy already voted to uphold it once before. And other restrictions on abortion rights will be accepted. Affirmative action is not ruled unconstitutional at its core. Scalia and Thomas have indicated a willingness to choose it down completely. But Kennedy declined to join those opinions. On the other hand, colleges and universities will have an even rougher time figuring out how to construct a constitutional affirmative action program.In 2003, Justice OConnor joined the four liberals in upholding the University of Michigan Law Schools admissions program, which claimed to have found a way to act affirmatively without explicit quotas or race-based point systems. Kennedy and the conservatives formed a four-member bl oc that didnt buy it. Quite likely, if a similar question makes it to the court, Kennedy will cast the decisive vote. State-sponsored displays of religious symbols, like the 10 commandments, are more likely to be tolerated when Kennedys becomes the key swing vote. But the breakthrough Warren-era decision, banning school prayer, will not be overturned. Kennedy has already endorsed that precedent. Kennedys free wrangle jurisprudence has a strong libertarian streak. That has helped liberals construe the burning of a U.S. flag by protesters and viewing pornography on the internet as constitutionally protected activities under the First Amendment. But Kennedys libertarian streak made him leery of McCain-Feingold-type regulations that restrict political advertising in the name of campaign finance reform.The next time those issues roll around, Kennedy may provide the fifth vote necessary to switch down those regulations on First Amendment grounds. ( Black and Tice 1-2) Arguments against and in favor of School Prayer School Prayer was a chief center of attention of Darrell Scotts (father of Rachel Scott, a victim of the columbine High School Shootings in Littleton, Colorado) testimony to the House Judiciary Committee in a exceptional session of the U.S. Congress on Thursday, May 27, 1999. What Darrell Scott said to our national leaders regarding school prayer was utterly factual and enlightening for all of us. The following is a portion of the replica I wrote a poem just four nights ago that expresses my feelings best. This was written before I knew I would be speaking here today. Your laws ignore our deepest requisites, Your words are empty air. Youve stripped away our heritage, Youve outlawed simple prayer. Now gunshots fill our classrooms, And precious children die. You seek for answers everywhere, And ask the question, Why? You regulate restrictive laws, by legislative creed.And yet you fail to understand, That God is what we need Men and women are three-part beings. We all consist of body, soul, and spirit. When we refuse to acknowledge a third part of our make-up, we create a void that allows evil, prejudice, and hatred to rush in and wreak havoc. Spiritual influences were present within our educational systems for most of our nations history. Many of our major colleges began as theological seminaries. This is a historical fact. What has happened to us as a nation? We have refused to honor God, and in doing so, we open the doors to hatred and violence. And when something as terrible as Columbines calamity occurs, politicians immediately look for a scapegoat such as the NRA. They immediately seek to pass more restrictive laws that contribute to the erosion of our personal and private liberties. We do not need more restrictive laws. Eric and Dylan would not have been occludeped by metal detectors.No amount of gun laws can stop someone who spends months planning this type of massacre. The real villain lies within our own hearts. Politi cal posturing and restrictive legislation are not the answers. The young people of our nation hold the key. There is a spiritual awakening taking place that will not be squelched We do not need more religion. We do not need more gaudy television evangelists spewing out verbal religious garbage. We do not need more million dollar church buildings built while people with basic needs are being ignored. We do need a change of heart and a humble acknowledgment that this nation was founded on the principle of simple trust in God As my son, Craig, lay under that table in the school library and saw his two friends murdered before his very eyes, he did not hesitate to pray in school. I defy any law or politician to deny him that right I challenge every young person in America, and around the world, to realize that on April 20, 1999, at Columbine High School, prayer was brought back to our schools. Do not let the many prayers offered by those students be in vain.Dare to move into the new mil lennium with a sacred regard for legislation that protects your God-given right to communicate with Him. (Popular Issues, School Prayer) There is always a state of war between secular humanists and groups like the Christian Coalition are concerning prayer in high schools and the victim is the innocent average high school kid. Each moment in time the argument is reawakened it concludes in a deadlock. The supporters of prayers say it will add to the broadmindedness in schools, as children be taught of diverse religions will convey to surface the special inquiries kids have about God and religion and allow them to investigate for their own conviction. The majority of them believe that prayers will lend a hand overturning the moral degradation of the society. Contrarily, Secularists shapes the public schools comprise to educate, not to proselytize. Religion is private, and schools are public, both of the things couldnt be intermixable.Whilst the sunup members of the clergy supports p rayer during the Constitutional Convention and in ordinances governing education, the U.S. Supreme Court has vividly transferred their original premises. Some legal scholars and special interest groups have built upon those precedents, creating other rationalizations for limiting religious expression in Americas public schools. The mainly widespread squabble of such individuals is that the government has a responsibility to be neutral, so that no child is offended by the religious speech of another. This is erroneous because the issue cannot be neutral. Elimination of religious expression for the atheist will offend the child who believes in God. So, the schools must choose. Since 1962, they have sided with the small, nonreligious minority of atheists which, as recent Newsweek poll shows, consists of only 4 percent of the population. By contrast, 94 percent of respondents to that same survey professed a religious faith, and 61 percent said that they agreed with the statement that re ligion is very important in their lives. If free religious expression in the form of prayers is forbidden, school officials are, at the very least, teaching children that public recognition of God is not as significant as the things the schools can argue.It looks irrational that public schools permits open discussion about sexism but do not permit unwrap conversation regarding God. The courts have elapsed that schools can allocate free religious expressions devoid of implementing any meticulous category of spiritual consideration. Another dilemma is School prayer polarizes citizens around a religious axis. so far the First Amendment was printed to evade the bickers that might effect in the middle of values. Not tolerating prayer has done more to polarize citizens than almost any other issue in American history. Allowing prayer would put decision-making back in the hands of parents and local school boards, where it once rested. Those local boards could position guiding principles th at would permit students who object to all prayer or some prayers not to eccentric person in, just as many religious students have opted out of sex education classes at school place. That would obviously revere the rights of the minority, without infringing upon the rights of the majority. Local school boards would also be sheltered by the constitutional time/place/manner restrictions that apply equally to religious and nonreligious dialogue. In due course, a reinstatement of liberated expression to local public schools would unite, not polarize, citizens.The Establishment Clause of the First Amendment presents that government shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion. Because public schools are government funded, prayer led by school officials or incorporated into the school routine amounts to government-established religion. Prayer is school is already legal. Students are already allowed to pray on a voluntary basis (in a non-disruptive way) so formal school pray er is unnecessary. School prayer may lead to intolerance. Public prayer will express religious diversity of which students may have been oblivious. Those students who withdraw from school prayer or dissent against it may be detested. School prayer is intrinsically coercive and cannot be implemented in a way that is truthfully intentional.The public school system is created for all students and supported by all taxpayers. It should therefore reside neutral on religious issues over which students and taxpayers will differ. Since no formal school prayer could simultaneously honor and uphold the tenets of the many religions practiced in the U.S., as well as various denominational differences, prayer is better left in the home and religious institution of the individual students choice. An associated squabble is that school prayer assumes the function of parents and religious institutions who wish to offer religious instruction in keeping with their possessive viewpoints. (All About s tory, School Prayers) castaway Jaffree alleged after Supreme Court decision (1985) For me, the battle is over. But prayer will go on in the schools. It just wont go on in any of my childrens classes. (NY Times B51) Works Cited Edward F. Woods. Court Outlaws Prayer in Schools.(1963) St. Louis Post-Dispatch Laurel MacLeod. School Prayer And Religious Liberty A Constitutional Perspective. (2000) http//www.cwfa.org/images/content/cwaicon.ico Frohnmayer, John. Out of Tune Listening to the First Amendment. Golden, Colorado North American Press, (1995). Austin Cline. Prayers in Public Schools. About Agnosticism / Atheism. http//usgovtifo.about.com Church and State How the Court Decides. US Govt. Info/ Resources http//usgovtifo.about.com School Prayer Case Law- Absolute Necessity. Popular Issues http//www.allaboutpopularissues.org Choper, Jesse H. Securing Religious Liberty Principles for Judicial Interpretation of the Religious Clauses. University of Chicago Press. (1995). Erick Black and DJ Tice. The Big Question Who was the elephant NOT in the room? Star Tribune (2006) http//www.startribune.com/blogs/bigquestion/?m=200601 Arguments Against School Prayer. All About History http//www.allabouthistory.org Ishmael Jaffree. Quotation of the Day. The New York Times. B51, Published June 5, 1985.