Research skills and techniques education essay Free Essays

This study high spots and evaluates my personal, academic and professional contemplations throughout this class and applies the acquisition to consideration of my professional pattern and on-going hereafter development. It explores chances for calling waies within and outside of the prison service and how my scope of accomplishments can progress my aspirations every bit good as enhance the environment in which I work. To this terminal, I have critically evaluated my movable accomplishments and their development through this acquisition journey together with chances to heighten these farther. We will write a custom essay sample on Research skills and techniques education essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In looking to the hereafter, a revised Professional Development Plan ( PDP ) for ongoing hereafter development has been compiled and included in Appendix I. Many of the acquisition results have been already been covered in some deepness within my PPD5 assignment and I have sought to lucubrate on cardinal countries of these within this paper. Background When foremost offered the chance to set about farther instruction through a Foundation Degree, I was ab initio excited at the chance. However, this shortly gave manner to dismissive ideas of successful completion as unachievable and self uncertainty about my ability to prosecute such a venture which resulted in me non roll uping the application signifier. It was merely when a co-worker, who had done so but decided non to take this forward, passed it to me, that I took the dip. A batch of ego talk was required to see how valuable this chance was for me. I considered that several of my equals would hold similar experiences and feelings which would do a natural and powerful support web significance that I would non be larning in isolation. Later, I was able to reflect and gain that cunctation is a peculiar trait and form of behavior for me, deep rooted in negative scheme ( Beck 1967:233 ) which I have been able to reflect on and compose about at some length throughout my farther instruc tion. Even coming towards the terminal of the Honours Degree ( which I undertook with greater enthusiasm ) , it is still apparent and something to guard against. This has been peculiarly of import in sing what has held me back from prosecuting advanced calling development until late. Brooding Practice: Using a scope of brooding theoretical accounts throughout my farther instruction surveies, I now appreciate how analysis of my accomplishments can assist towards the end of professional promotion and, significantly that of occupation satisfaction. I apply Gibbs ‘ ( 1998 ) Brooding Cycle readily to countries of my personal and professional life developing accomplishments of rating and analysis, both of ego and state of affairss which has led to effectual job resolution and informed decisions as will be illustrated below. Making this efficaciously, I have found, can widen the range for a more in-depth and wider encompassing program for ongoing development which hitherto, has been slightly narrow in its position. In other words, from being resigned to believing â€Å" this is my batch, I ‘ll merely acquire on with it † , to an active desire to use new acquisition, seek more and go motivated for calling patterned advance. Straker ( 2008:172 ) whose work builds on the research of Gardner ( 1983 and 2006 ) summed up the importance of purposeful contemplation for me â€Å" Knowing yourself includes cognizing that there are parts of yourself that you do non cognize and being ready to listen and research these. It besides means sing what parts of yourself you should expose or conceal, based on how it will assist your intent instead than merely based on personal penchant † . The danger of contemplation is that, for a postponer such as myself, one can acquire stuck in ego analysis without making anything about it or utilize the consequences of one ‘s analysis to remain within a ‘comfort zone ‘ . Kolb ( 1984 ) helped to measure my experiences and trial hypotheses about myself, values and work moralss but it did non spur me on to action whereas Gibbs sets out the program for ongoing development which is important for me so as non to stay procrastinating. In PPD5, I considered how Moon ( 2004 ) has been a utile resource on brooding pattern, in peculiar reminding me that contemplation is of import but it must ever take to action and the devising of positive alterations. She stresses the importance of experiential larning which includes contemplation but qualifies this to integrate active acquisition, guaranting purpose to larn and mechanisms of feedback to guarantee the whole procedure is effectual and meaningful for development ( p.122 ) . SchA-n ( 1983 ) explains how, as one becomes more experient, it becomes progressively possible to reflect in action instead than merely after action. This is something I am going more complete at and is peculiarly apparent in critical inciden t state of affairss in my function as a surety negotiant where this has immediate and practical every bit good as personal value. Interestingly the Cycle of Change by Prochatska and Diclemente ( 1982 ) , illustrated in Appendix II, highlights the stages which I can place with through my acquisition, professional and personal journey. I can frequently stay in contemplation and demand to happen the drivers and incentives to avoid oversights but, I am encouraged that these now exist more in copiousness which are sourced from many countries and the Honours Degree has been one of these. I am aware that the classs and feedback I have received throughout my farther instruction have been of a systematically good criterion and this has served as a beginning of encouragement and measuring of advancement and accomplishment. I must keep measurings and ends for my hereafter development and there are agencies in topographic point such as the Staff Personal Development Record ( SPDR ) , in Appendix III and Professional Development Plan ( PDP ) which I can utilize as guideposts and yardsticks. It is of import that, as the current period of survey draws to an terminal, this motive to accomplish continues and I now feel best placed to guarantee this happens. . As mentioned in my PPD5 essay, in the yesteryear I have questioned the determination devising procedures of direction though this is being reshaped into a desire to derive a holistic overview of the work environment. â€Å" Get the better ofing expostulations to understanding others, for fright that this might confute our ain theories about ourselves and the universe, are cardinal hurdlings for which I must continually be aware † . ( Elliott, 2011 ) This has besides enabled me to measure what I can offer to functions to heighten the constitution ‘s public presentation. In my first Brooding Essay from January 2007 ( Appendix IV ) I described schema theory and the work of Beck ( 1967 ) . From this I have developed an involvement, non merely in reading of state of affairss which influence our beliefs but, peculiarly, how to develop the stimulation and positive emotional and cognitive drivers for professional and personal wellbeing. In detecting what gets in the manner, instead than being stuck in analysis, to travel beyond and put ends for positive development has been indispensable acquisition for me and reading this first essay shows how far I have come. The focal point of this paper is skills rating but furthermore, the ‘action ‘ stage of my development, placing chances and the practical stairss required for ongoing development. Employability Skills and Development Needs A scope of ego analysis tools have proved helpful in determining and attesting personal accomplishments which pave the manner for ongoing professional satisfaction. This has involved being critical as to what is and may realistically be come-at-able every bit good as widening the range for a scope of calling promotion chances. Using a scope of ego analysis tools I have been able to measure my employability accomplishments and an illustration is in Appendix V. Examining these proved personally satisfying and formed the footing for an in-depth review in a personal SWOT analysis ( Appendix VI ) which I had merely of all time antecedently applied to concerns within the range of the Honours Degree. On completion of this, it seemed logical to me that the values which concerns ascribe to should happen their ‘roots ‘ in the forces employed by the administration as, ideally, they should incarnate the same corporate beliefs, moralss and work patterns. As I will foreground subsequently, this has brought me into struggle with my ain work constitution where, utilizing freshly honed accomplishments of assertiveness and corporate consciousness, I am more readily able to dispute what I may comprehend to be insecure patterns. This has been possible through equilibrating my possible â€Å" failing † of being mission-focussed and developing this alongside effectual and robust empathy towards direction determinations At the clip of composing my Performance and Development record for this twelvemonth has non been recorded but as my SPDR for last twelvemonth ( Appendix III ) illustrates, I can stay pleased that I continue to run into marks set and work collaboratively with others to guarantee that the benefits of development are felt personally and by the administration. I have expanded this farther with creative activity of a new Development Plan ( Appendix I ) in order to keep continuity and on-going development. In order to see the scope of accomplishments necessary to accomplish my ends and aspirations, I completed a Career Values Tool and the study can be found in Appendix VII. To assist with this I referred back to a Personality Type Questionnaire competed for the PPD5 assignment. This was an of import analysis as it accurately highlighted the possible callings which fitted my profile. The function of ‘Counsellor ‘ featured conspicuously which is something I have long been interested in ( by the way, Musician and Actor which are personal involvements and besides featured high in the analysis ) . My functions in piquing behaviour intervention over the old ages have been the beginning of huge personal satisfaction as they met the values and accomplishments which I have enjoyed developing the most. Using the Career Values Tool, I input ‘Counsellor ‘ as an alternate calling pick and it was interesting to observe how this featured against the profile which had me as bal anced between ‘intuitive ‘ and ‘logical ‘ in my attack to work. Featured extremely were communicating accomplishments and my ability to work aboard people and cognizing that my work benefits others. When seen alongside my ‘white knight ‘ mission scheme of desiring to assist others, which can potentially be unhelpful, the balance of taking a logical, measured attack to job resolution is something I now know I possess and is to be worked on continually. The development of analytical accomplishments in my contemplations and undertakings throughout this last twelvemonth have helped to right this balance whereas before, if I had taken the Career Values Tool, I might hold been much further along the ‘intuition ‘ side of the continuum which, is non healthy or helpful for one seeking to develop a managerial function. Equally good as reflective and survey accomplishments, it is of import to develop the practical accomplishments required for current and possible functions. At my SPDR reappraisal subsequently this month I can research the options for this with my line director. The demand to develop concern consciousness, in order to understand corporate scheme in the workplace and enable publicity chances, is ongoing and the last few months have proved to be a testing clip in that respect. This has mostly been due to holding to take a grudge process against the Programmes and Psychology direction for what I perceive to be prejudiced and unethical behavior against myself. Having weighed up the options over the last 12 months or so, this action was the lone possible class and has required a step of focal point, assertiveness and an analytical overview of the state of affairs to do this determination and take this forward. Without this, I would hold reverted back to how I was prior to set abouting farther instruction and left the state of affairs unresolved and dwell in unhelpful contemplation which would hold affected my work and good being. The grudge is continuing at the clip of composing this study and, whatever the result, I can be satisfied that I have taken appropriate stairss to guarantee best ethical pattern and good being for the work force and administration as a whole. This has non been without an emotional response ( admiting this is a strength identified in Gibbs Reflective Cycle, 1998 ) as I do n’t wish struggle or ‘rocking the boat ‘ but so, appropriate degrees of self-asserting direction and effectual analysis are important direction accomplishments which I have developed over recent old ages and is ongoing. This is peculiarly of import as I consider options for my hereafter and it is satisfying that I can take the positive accomplishments development acquisition from even the most testing of fortunes. The best step of how appropriate one ‘s actions are in the workplace, I have found, is one ‘s ain values of decency, moralss and duty and, in the above state of affairs, to hold these confirmed and used as my ‘yardstick ‘ for determination devising and professional unity, has proved honoring and queerly ‘comforting ‘ . No 1 should of all time see themselves to be the finished article and being confident in prosecuting continued development is a positive trait. In my instance, this helps to get the better of the scheme driven low self-pride and has surely enhanced a more positive belief for the hereafter. Among the cardinal acquisition experiences for me, alongside the above, are a acknowledgment of the functions of others, networking and effectual communicating. My calling way has involved working closely with and taking an involvement in people, both clients and co-workers likewise. In Appendix X I have conducted my ain accomplishments self assessment which covers a scope of academic and professional countries. This was motivated by a definition of entrepreneurship by Rothstein and Burke ( 2010 ) as 1 who is â€Å" aˆÂ ¦skilled in acknowledging chances, working those chances and making value † ( p.217 ) . Whilst I will ne’er be an Alan Sugar or Duncan Bannatyne, I can be merely as entrepreneurial in my accomplishments base so as to add value to the administration. The fact that support was made available to let this period of survey serves as a reminder that, to some grade, this has already been recognised and how I choose to use this for common benefit is now being considered. Career Appraisal and Development During the Foundation Degree I was able to set about and go through the choice scrutiny for Senior Officer though I was unsuccessful in function drama appraisal. I was, nevertheless, able to take that experience and, instead than call on the carpet or castigate myself and brood in diffidence as I antecedently would hold, I have decided to take the measure of using for and set abouting the appraisal once more later this twelvemonth. For this, I will seek to utilize my Line Manager as wise man together with the preparation section as immediate point of mention and get down to research prison policy, security and direction accomplishments. I am now experiencing positive and motivated to win in this non merely from a practical, self-development position, but besides the pride and sense of accomplishment this will convey. Following the letdown of holding to step down from Sexual activity Offender Treatment work last twelvemonth, I have reappraised my personal development and, utilizing brooding accomplishments developed on the grade surveies, peculiarly Kolb ( 1984 ) to assist measure the experiences and Beck ( 1967 ) to understand how I was construing them. Having specialised in Drug wrongdoer rehabilitation for the last 12 months I can take the benefits of new acquisition and function experience frontward as I return to Sex Offender therapy later this twelvemonth. Pulling together the scope of experience and involvements I have enjoyed over consecutive old ages keeps me, foremost and first, actively engaged in working for and alongside others. This is encouraging and, in this period of alteration, I have come to gain the importance of occupation satisfaction as a cardinal incentive for me. Prosecuting a Counselling making would function as a way to an alternate calling should personal fortunes alteration for me in the hereafter. This could be due to cutbacks in the public sector or an establishment passage to the private sector. This could besides potentially be utilised in my current function should a guidance or mediation map become available which I can reason would value to the constitution. A important country of personal development has been in cardinal accomplishments of assertiveness and dialogue. These were identified early on in my brooding pattern as things I needed to work on. I was able to negociate a function within drugs support holding originally offered an office based appraisal place which I would hold found unfulfilling. Alongside this, within my current grudge process, I have assertively requested a clear professional development way from senior direction which besides ensures that all officer classs in the Programmes squad are offered the same which has, hitherto, been missing. Learning and Continuing Professional Development The Honours Degree has been vastly ambitious and honoring and, despite early frights, has worked in with my societal and work life and has encouraged me to ongoing acquisition and consideration of developing calling chances. There has been utile convergence of the assorted faculties of this class in which the acquisition and contemplations from each have been movable. An illustration is in analyzing ‘Effective Management Decisions ‘ has been of import for my thesis which evaluates Crew Resource Management. Learning to analyze the former, in an nonsubjective manner, has enabled a critical attack for the thesis guaranting the focal point remains on the advantages to concern public presentation and non merely to countries of forces safety which I might otherwise hold concentrated. It has been satisfying that I have been able to utilize the faculties of this class to look at countries which I find personally interesting and disputing which included planing undertakings to make best pattern in wrongdoer direction. Besides, I have long been interested in the commercial air power industry and to research competitory advantage of an air hose was good merriment, whilst besides honoring in the survey accomplishments that were required. Similarly, the thesis which looks at human factors in critical incidents originating from air power accidents takes that same personal involvement but analyses the larning points from that sector and explores what the prison service can profit from this within its ain operations. This seamless larning extends to the old Foundation Degree which I often refer to including the faculty on moralss, cultural consciousness and diverseness where the strong rules I ascribe and have documented, are continually evaluated and applied to my work pattern. It forms the footing of my ‘mission statement ‘ for development as recommended by Covey ( 2004 ) where concentrating who you want to be and what you want to make should be on the values you ascribe to each ( p.106 ) . I am presently researching options for Higher Education such as a Masters Degree every bit good as makings in reding. At this phase, I am diffident as to whether I should these at the earliest chance and go on the impulse of larning or have a twelvemonth interruption in order to pass clip concentrating on my personal life which does necessitate some attending. Whether I choose immediate and specific preparation at this clip or non, I can develop and heighten the accomplishments required for possible future functions in my current place using the preparation section, wise mans and line direction. All of these are portion of my on-going Professional Development Plan so I can keep the motive to maintain personal and professional aspirations at the head of my future work. I am now certain that my farther instruction will go on every bit will the deepness and comprehensiveness of my calling development. With the on-going function in Drugs Support, a move back to Sex Offender Treatment subsequently this twelvemonth, together with the Senior Officer appraisal in October and researching accelerated publicity chances in the prison service, I have much to maintain me motivated and stimulated. These are cardinal drivers for me as I have learnt in my four twelvemonth journey and I can now realistically see a managerial place and research such options. The Honours Degree is regarded as a valuable making both for its relevant content to the Criminal Justice System and Business and Management but besides symbolises the desire and committedness I have and have shown for continued ego development. For me, this highlights how seamless the passage has been through the acquisition journey and that it will go on to be so. This consciousness has made farther instruction and calling patterned advance options less of a mountain to mount but a soft way to enlightenment as some learned and revered adult male of religion likely one time said. A helpful resource has proved to be www.CIPD.co.uk which I have accessed throughout my surveies. This administration ‘s definition of acquisition is ‘a autonomous, work-based procedure taking to increased adaptative capacity ‘ . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/learning-talent-development-overview.aspx [ Accessed 18 February 2011 ] . This highlights the importance of personal duty in utilizing employer resources to develop an ever-widening range for calling development. Appendix VIII shows an infusion which proved helpful in critically measuring my development program and ensured it was appropriate to my demands and abilities every bit good as offering value to the workplace. Decision: I regard my new Curriculum Vitae ( Appendix IX ) as a valid working papers whereas I had considered my old one, prior to get downing Further Education, to be slightly antediluvian, irrelevant and out of day of the month. The nucleus accomplishments I have developed over the old ages and important accomplishments are included which serve as a reminder that, merely as I have now added the Honours Degree ( concluding consequence allowing ) , more is to come. As I look over it now, the passage and acquisition procedure which has brought me to this point in my life now is clearly apparent. I can see the journey of larning and experience I have been on and, with a renewed and positive position of myself and professional development potency, I will bask and use myself to the chances that lie in front. Appendixs: I. Personal and Professional Development Plan II. Cycle of Change ( Prochaska and Diclemente, 1982 ) III. Staff Performance and Development Record ( SPDR ) IV. Reflective Essay ( Jan 2007 ) V. Study Skills Self Assessment VI. SWOT Analysis VII. Career Values Tool VIII. Infusion from CIPD web site IX. Curriculum Vitae Ten. Research and Employability Skills Appendix I Personal and Professional Development Plan Appendix II Cycle of Change ( Prochaska and Diclemente, 1982 ) Appendix II The Cycle of Change: Prochatska and Diclamente ( 1982 ) This illustration is taken from the cyberspace and the beginning is in the bibliography. The rhythm of alteration has 6 stages and, for me, this diagram high spots good the countries at which I can sink, peculiarly contemplation and, hence am encouraged to keep motive. In ‘pre-contemplation ‘ , the individual does non see any job in their current behavior and has non considered there might be some better options. In ‘contemplation ‘ the individual is ambivalent – they are in two heads about what they want to make – should they remain with their existing behaviors and attitudes or should they seek altering to something new? It is this country which I need to be peculiarly on my guard to as non to sink. In ‘preparation ‘ , the individual is taking stairss to alter normally in the following month or so. In ‘action ‘ , they have made the alteration and populating the new set of behavior is an all-consuming activity. In ‘maintenance ‘ , the alteration has been integrated into the individual ‘s life – they are now more ‘enterprising ‘ . Relapse is a full return to the old behavior. This is non inevitable – but is likely – and should non be seen as failure. Often people will Get worse several times before they eventually win in doing a ( more or less ) permanent to a new set of behaviors. Appendix III. Staff Performance and Development Record ( SPDR ) Appendix IV. Infusion From My First Reflective Essay ( Jan 2007 ) Infusion From My First Reflective Essay ( Jan 2007 ) My earliest employment from go forthing school was within the travel industry. From the beginning, I sought to better my practical accomplishments base and enjoyed the challenge of run intoing the demands of clients, budgetary marks, preparation of staff, job resolution, through to the gap and direction of a travel bureau branch several old ages subsequently. Apart from the GCSE makings gained at school, any farther academic or professional acquisition has been gained whilst in employment. Transcripts of certifications attained, both school and work based can be found in the appendix. The accomplishments and accomplishments I have attained in my personal life are every bit movable to my work life. For illustration, as Chairman of a genealogical society for several old ages and public speech production battles both serve as reminders that I have organizational, research and presentation abilities which I can and should be using and developing along my calling way. I have had no formal direction preparation, yet gained important supervisory experience through demoing aptitude and dedication to undertaking, client base and forces. It is of import for me to show, through the Foundation Degree and subsequent preparation that I can larn direction and personal development accomplishments, but besides show I am able to use this acquisition in my work and personal life. At the same clip, I need to concentrate on a specific calling way which includes, in the first case, publicity to Senior Officer. The following logical patterned advance will, hence, be to use for and set about the senior Promotion Examination subsequently this twelvemonth. For this, I need to obtain inside informations of the chief occupation demands for this function and, utilizing my Line Manager as wise man and the preparation section as immediate point of mention, get down to research prison policy, security, direction accomplishments and preparation chances. Whilst I have considered project this before, I am now experiencing positive and motivated to win in this non merely from a practical, self-development position but besides the pride and sense of accomplishment this will convey. On successful completion of this scrutiny, I can seek to specialize in either wrongdoer rehabilitation or staff preparation which I would enjoy. This draws together the scope of experience and involvements I have enjoyed over consecutive old ages and maintain me, foremost and first, actively engaged in working for and alongside others. It is of import for me to develop assertiveness accomplishments and, whilst these have been improved upon over recent old ages, I am cognizant there is a continued demand for development in this country. I need to be pro-active in my ain acquisition, seeking chances and non over-relying on others to merely recognize my demands or chances and do recommendations. Part of this includes my demand to develop and seek out direction preparation and practice/demonstrate the accomplishments I have. It is every bit of import for me to enlist the aid of others in my development. My personal statement highlights how I can go excessively autonomous when I perceive no 1 understands my demands or are truly interested in my development. Seeking a more collaborative attack to my acquisition will non merely breed positive belief in myself and others, it will do the following phase of my calling more rewarding, satisfying, originative and productive every bit good as opening up a wider scope of chances in all countries of my life. The Study Skills Self-Assessment which I completed on 23 October 2007 ( Appendix ) highlighted three chief employability accomplishments I need to develop as: Bettering ain acquisition and public presentation Application of figure ( data aggregation and reading ) Information and engineering proficiency Alongside these, to develop, are my personal properties of Self assurance Flexibility and adaptability Opinion In this self appraisal I besides reflected on my ain specific failings which include being excessively self-critical and non praising my ain accomplishments enough which can impact my ability to be nonsubjective about my public presentation. I have a strong underpinning demand to support others and jump to their deliverance which I have come to see as a hinderance to my ain development and of those I seek to assist. This is a peculiarly of import country for me to turn to as future direction functions will necessitate me to let others to take their ain personal duty and merely offer counsel as appropriate. This ‘rescuer ‘ manner I have is schema-related and I will compose a piece for my portfolio on scheme theory and how this applies to me. Beck, 1967 described a scheme as â€Å" ..a cognitive construction for showing, cryptography, and measuring the stimulation that impingeA on the being † . In short, schemas are the filters or nucleus beliefs we have about oursel ves or the universe around us and, thereby, how we interpret different state of affairss in our lives. The nature of the work I do in wrongdoer rehabilitation requires me to set about regular de-briefing, supervising, annually wellness reappraisals and bi-monthly guidance. This, together with scheme theory and other therapy theoretical accounts I use with captives, which I have besides applied to myself, means I spend a batch of clip being introverted and sharing this with co-workers. Add to this, the personal development elements of the Foundation Degree, means I need to be aware of equilibrating this wealth of self-contemplation with practical stairss for a successful hereafter. One of the press releases for self-appraisal from this class has helped me see what can acquire in the manner of things I want to make. These include hapless clip direction and a deficiency of construction and balance in and between my work, survey and private life. This is of import as I can go frustrated by unneeded last minute efforts to run into deadlines. By holding a clear coherent program I can be after my work and life more efficaciously and, this alone gives me a sense of exhilaration and motive. Appendix V. Study Skills Self Assessment Dowson, Paul. , ( 2004 ) Study Skills Self Assessment, Leeds Metropolitan University Appendix VI. SWOT Analysis Appendix VII Career Values Tool Report Appendix VIII. Infusion from www.CIPD.co.uk { Accessed 18 February 2011 ) Possible benefits of development planning Relevant acquisition and development is more likely to go on in pattern when you are end directed. Learning that is planned is more efficient. Unanticipated acquisition chances are more likely to come to your attending when you are prepared for them. The picks of larning methods are more likely to be appropriate following completion of a development program and their usage can be designed and managed to supply a trim tantrum with your demands and involvements. Motivation and assurance in taking duty for one ‘s ain acquisition can be enhanced. Possible restrictions of development planning The quality of a completed development program can endure without seasonably and relevant diagnostic information from others. The creative activity of a valid and functional program is peculiarly hard to accomplish without the active support and understanding of others who are relevant to you in your current function. The successful execution of even a well-crafted program is non guaranteed without go oning support and challenge from others. Operating intimations Ensure that there is ready entree to relevant and valid diagnostic informations in the designation of larning demands. Ensure that there are chances for, potentially, several loops of the program in draft signifier to which relevant others in the administration have the chance to lend by manner of thoughts and information. In taking larning methods, explore and clear up these exhaustively anterior to doing determinations about which to utilize. This may affect treatment and understanding with others who will necessitate to supply clip or other aid. Ensure understanding is reached about larning ends and methods between, for illustration, you and your director. Ensure that clear marks and other ‘mileposts ‘ associated with learning ends are agreed between yourself and other interested parties. Arrange for training or mentoring aid where appropriate to cover both the creative activity and execution of the development program. Appendix IX. Curriculum Vitae Appendix X Research and Employability Skills Research accomplishments and techniques Effective job work outing Independent, critical thought, while analyzing and developing established theory and research Underpining cognition of my work environment Research accomplishments and utilizing these to critically measure my findings and those of others Personal and professional contemplation, concise study composing Research environment Awareness of the deepness and comprehensiveness of research and able to contract down the field to guarantee clear focal point of subject. In my functions in programmes I have a good unpinning cognition of ethical pattern and adhere to the Prison Service and British Psychological Society rules of best ethical pattern. Ability to utilize a assortment of agencies to collate informations for concluding analysis Research direction Set undertaking ends and work towards effectual timescales and work precedences Able to place and entree appropriate bibliographical resources, archives, internet resources and other beginnings of relevant information Information engineering accomplishments to make databases, study authorship, exemplifying and presenting of findings and informations. Illustrated through farther instruction surveies and puting up research undertakings undertaken within work function ( for illustration, establishment a needs analysis for a proposal to make a curative wing at HMP Full Sutton ) Personal effectivity A deep desire and ability to larn and get cognition Creative, advanced and original in my attack to research Flexible, non-judgemental and open-minded Strong self-awareness and able to place my ain preparation demands Self-disciplined, motivated, and thorough in set uping and accomplishing best pattern in professional life. Brooding ability to set up my ain boundaries and use all beginnings of support as appropriate Ability to demo inaugural, work independently and am autonomous whilst keeping strong squad values particularly in a leading function. Puting up new processs and protocols. ( For illustration, puting up the Penile Plethysmograph Suite which became a Centre of best pattern and my advice sought at other constitutions. Was cited in the national preparation manuals for processs I created which have been adopted nationally. Communication accomplishments A clear and appropriate manner dependent upon intent, e.g. advancement studies, published paperss, undertakings, grudge processs. Articulate in presenting stuffs clearly to a scope of audiences, officially and informally through a assortment of techniques including the usage of Powerpoint. Ability to negociate results whilst assertively defendable of robust personal and professional ethical issues. Strong involvement in developing the acquisition of others through mentoring and supervising. Networking and teamwork As evidenced throughout my farther instruction surveies, I develop co-operative webs and working relationships with supervisors, co-workers and equals, within my establishment and the wider research community. An apprehension of the behavior of ego and others to enable effectual squad coherence Developed a scope of perceptive feedback accomplishments particularly constructive. Career direction A demonstrated committedness to continued professional development as demonstrated through Foundation Degree and BA ( Hons ) surveies. Ownership of ain calling patterned advance with realistic and accomplishable calling ends which are identified in such as manner as to develop and better employability Movable research accomplishments from farther instruction which can be used within the work environment and other calling chances such as Counselling. Ability to show my accomplishments, personal properties and experiences through effectual CVs, applications and interviews How to cite Research skills and techniques education essay, Essay examples

Healthy Junk Food free essay sample

Isn’t it just nearly impossible for resisting junk food if been offered? It’s been decades that chefs are trying to discover something new, some lip-smacking snacks, which have become a drug for people these days. These snacks can surely be eaten, but at a particular quantity, which won’t gain weight. However, exercise is a must because how low-fat junk food the dish is, it’s still considered as junk food. However, the actual meaning of healthy junk food is food, which contains a lot of calories but is nutritious and healthy in the same way. Teenagers†¦actually kids these days think that healthy junk food actually means stuff like Subway and Pizza. Because, Apparently it contains proteins, vegetables and all. In a way they are right, but wrong as well. There should be a limit of eating junk food. There are so many kids who have been struggling from obesity and heart problems as well due to eating junk food, which they consider healthy. We will write a custom essay sample on Healthy Junk Food or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Many products and food dishes says the amount of fat that particular thing have. For example subway, it says contains less than 95% of fat. Yes, science does play a role in this. They must have tested the particular product and then published the amount of fat it contains. But if an argument comes on products like fake sweeteners, which contain 0% fat. It’s hard to believe such products because have the scientist must have tested about the product containing 0% fat but have no idea about the chemicals and preservatives added in the product and how those preservatives are harmful for the body. Which can cause many harmful affects to our system. However, science shall test everything and find out weather how harmful is the product for our body and what is the quantity to be consumed. So it may help many other people. Healthy Junk food can sometimes turn out good as well, for the kids who don’t eat much and need to develop or gain weight because they are underweight for their age or height I think something containing cheese and vegetables in the food will be a good for their body development and not only that even eating dark chocolate can leave the body fuller and it makes the person feel  less hungry. Scientist say that consuming dark chocolate decreases chances of diabetes and less heart problems. Those who eat dark chocolate consume lesser fat than the people who eat other chocolates, so dark chocolate would be an option. Not only that, even coffee is good for preventing skin cancer and prevents from developing basal cell carcinoma, a common type of skin cancer. Even Beer is a good source for preventing cardiovascular troubles, strokes and heart attacks, 30% less than a non-drinker. Even sugary sweets are sometimes good, it helps you giving energy which can make you move. All food is good in moderation. Until and unless not consumed over the limit. Everything is good for a change. Junk food increases heart related diseases. It leads to high cholesterol, which turns out blocking arteries with plaque, and which damages the blood circulation which can cause heart attacks and strokes. Junk food eaten in access can make you fat. Junk food might surely not be one of the best choices. Surely it is delicious, affordable and one of the kids favorite thing. However, there are many disadvantages and arguments against junk food. As long as junk food eaten in a specific quantity which isn’t bad for your health. There are many affects of eating junk food, like, having a stroke count in one of the most serious types if health problems in the body. Junk food is rich in sodium and salt, which can produce massive changes in the circulation system. For a person who has 500mg of salt more than recommended, it can increase the chances of a stroke by 17%. Over eating of junk food can also cause obesity, and obesity ix really common to find in children and adults these days and filling your diet with junk food can cause gaining weight. Junk food like sugary sweets and candies can also increase your chances of developing cavities. Tooth decaying starts when the enamel, the coat which start protects your teeth starts breaking down. Eating junk food which contains a high sugar content, like Cold drinks, candies, and baked products. It covers your teeth, gums, and tongue with sugar. The sugar might lead to decaying of your tooth, like developing cavities. For avoiding, try eliminating the quantity of sugar in your diet. However, many people can’t just fight against their cravings. They should keep a balanced diet and hence treat themselves once a week in a particular quantity. There are many ways to stop yourself from craving to eat your favorite food. But one of the best ways would be drinking 2 glasses of water, which will make your stomach full, and you wont feel like eating the junk. People should control their mind and cravings and eat healthy for preventing all the diseases.

Persuasive Essay on Overpopulation Essays

Persuasive Essay on Overpopulation Essays Persuasive Essay on Overpopulation Paper Persuasive Essay on Overpopulation Paper Essay Topic: Persuasive The problem is not the number of people in this world, but the way people choose to live. The dilemmas created by overpopulation affect people of all races and social status. This is why we as the human race must work together to preserve our planet and necessary resources before it is too late. The living standards embraced by todays population causes people to consume more resources, which in turn produces more waste and raises life expectancy. New industrial developments have provided a sense of stability and a lot more jobs for the people in their surrounding communities. Also, the increase in wages has allowed people to have larger families because they are able to support them financially. Statistics show that a child born in the U. S. Today will produces 52 tons of waste and consume 11 million gallons of water by the age of 27. (World Overpopulation Awareness 2001) This is only one person; imagine what the numbers would look like for the entire population. Certain illnesses and diseases can be linked to the exposure the abundant amount of waste products and have a tendency to be more devastation and promenade in overpopulated areas. Fortunately, advances in the medical field, better doctors and new medications have all played a part in the decrease of these illnesses and have increased the life expectancy for people today versus 10, 20, and 30 years ago. The longer people live, the more influence their living standards have on the consumption of resources, disposal of wastes, and overall growing population. A more serious issue brought about by overpopulation also has an effect on the environment. The growth in the population has created a need for more energy to be produced. Energy is an important resource that is in constant demand, regardless of the pollution it disperses into our air and water. Air and water pollution can cause health problems and environmental issues which should not be overlooked, for the sake of our future and our childrens futures. The products used in this process release fumes into the air we breathe and are mostly invisible to the human eye. Air pollution rises into the atmosphere and combines with the moisture in the air and it causes acid rain. Acid rain then begins to contaminate our lakes and soil, as well as our drinking water, plants, and animals we consume. Some of the things we should do to lessen the amount Of pollution immersed into our environment include, car-pooling, turning off lights when not in use, and even turning off the water while brushing your teeth. We definitely need energy to increase industrial developments, but we need to be smart about how we use it before it depletes every source of clean air and water available to us. A more commonly recognized issue created by overpopulation is the heritage food, water, and shelter to accommodate all 6 billion people. Food and water are vital resources needed to just maintain existence. Having a place to live is a much-needed luxury that gives us protection from the environment and has even become a necessity in todays civilization. The increase in people means having to increase the amounts of food, water and shelter required to fulfill our human needs. The problem is there is only so much land left on this planet that we can use for food production and home building. Who decides what is more important? The amount of available land s decreasing just as fast as the need for these resources is increasing which creates a tremendous imbalance. What happens when we run out of land? Think about this the next time you throw a piece of food away or buy a bottle of water from the store. Food and water are necessities and if we use them all up now, what will be left for our future generations? Will they be able to survive and for how long? There are many ways to go about controlling the population in the world. The most success way to do so cannot be done without the participation and dedication from each and everyone of you.

Abraham Darby and the Iron Revolution

Abraham Darby and the Iron Revolution Englishmen Abraham Darby  (1678 - 1717) invented coke smelting in 1709 and, advanced the mass production of brass and iron goods. Coke smelting replaced charcoal with coal in metal foundries during the process of refining metals; this was important to Britains future since charcoal at that time was becoming scarce and was more expensive. Sand Casting Abraham Darby scientifically studied brass production and was able to make advances in that industry that turned Great Britain into an important brass goods exporter. Darby founded the worlds first metallurgy laboratory at his Baptist Mills Brass Works factory, where he refined brass making. He developed the process of sand molding that allowed iron and brass goods to be mass produced at a lower cost per unit. Before Abraham Darby, brass and iron goods had to be individually cast. His process made the production of cast iron and brass goods a continuous process. Darby received a patent for his sand casting in 1708. Greater Detail Darby combined the existing technologies of casting iron with casting brass that produced goods of a greater intricacy, thinness, smoothness, and detail. This proved important to the steam engine industry that came later, Darbys casting methods made the production of the iron and brass steam engines possible. The Darby Lineage Decedents of Abraham Darby also made contributions to the iron industry. Darbys son Abraham Darby II (1711- 1763) improved the quality of coke smelted pig iron for forging into wrought iron. Darbys grandson Abraham Darby III (1750 - 1791) constructed the worlds first iron bridge, over the Severn river at Coalbrookdale, Shropshire in 1779.

People Need to Be Supportive of Arts, Movies, And Television Shows For Research Paper

People Need to Be Supportive of Arts, Movies, And Television Shows For the Innovations of Tomorrow - Research Paper Example They are responsible for making guidelines for the social structure of the society since it does not only represent the ideas of people in a society but it also directs their behavior and choices on a routine basis. This indicates that people need to be supportive in regard of art, movies and television shows since their innovative and prosperous future is dependent upon these factors of social structure (Hugh Honour). Background Human society is not just a mere combination of individuals sharing common ideas, rather it presents a complete social structure based on beliefs, customs, traditions, moral values, rituals, history, science and myths. All these components of social structure basically contribute to the development of art which is then defined as the key describing factor of any society, region or civilization. Since ancient times art has been given great importance as it has been a fundamental source of bringing change and innovations in a society which then leads to an opt imum prosperity. Therefore even today art, movies and television shows are closely associated with the innovations for future (Hugh Honour). The movies and television shows are actually the extended and much innovated version of customary art and traditions. With the advent of latest technology art has also advanced and increased its horizon which has led to the development of stage performances and then finally to movies and television shows. These drastic and significant changes in the society indicate that art is a prime source of innovation for future. However, there are individuals who actually give the credit of innovations to the scientific advancement rather than art. This is mainly because they consider... This report makes a conclusion that Rrearch and analysis of the whole topic suggest that it is the prime need of people living in the current era to support and encourage art, movies and television shows in order to get innovations for future and frequent social, technological and economic development. Life without these important components of modern social structure would be free from challenges and innovations subsequently leading to delayed progress and ultimately resulting in poor living standards. The prime focus of this position paper is to convince people regarding the need of art, movies and television shows in order to gain innovation for future. People who believe that they do not require extending any support to the art, movies and television shows think that the major contributors of innovations are scientific knowledge and technology whereas art represents itself just as a platform of entertainment. Therefore they do not feel that there is any need to supporting this idea. While on the other hand, individuals who actively participate in supporting art, movies and television shows believe that they act as the most essential components of social structure which actually drives the human motives and directs their behavior. In addition to this art and media as a whole play a substantial part in the success or failure of business strategies which are directly linked with the economic growth and development. For instance, in the past centuries when movies and television show s were not present, then people were completely unaware of their surroundings due to which there were no rapid advancements.

Management and Leadership Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Management and Leadership Development - Essay Example The benefits are vital for organizations as a whole, particularly in countries that are developing, where the level of quality is low and require increment in search for effective cooperation in the various organizations. In the due course of implementation, there are many difficulties that are faced by organizations and do fail to practice benefits that are expected from management implementation that is of quality. Relating this to the implementation issue, it is observed that the implementation process is a major determinant of success in the introduction of technology or methods in an organization (Collins, 2001). It can be seen from these studies that acquisition of insights into the implementation process is vital, especially in trying to get a way of transforming the concept of quality management and practice from principles in the course of the organization. The transformation is referred to as implementation of quality management. In accordance, implementation research is re quired for the effectiveness of organizations. This report provides for operationalization of management and leadership development into practice in manufacturing companies, in Indonesia (Babbie, 2007). Basing on development of concepts and different leadership frameworks, there will be a discussion on operationalization. The operationalization discussion takes into consideration the research raised as an expression that guides relevant subject observation of implementation of quality management. As it is comprised of facts that are observable, it can occur in an analysis level. If related to management implementation, it allows an individual to conceive an organization analysis level. It is mainly focused on how leadership and management of an organization are conceptualized. Automotive Assembly Company (AAC) Implementation process From the time ownership was changed, three factors influenced management implementation process. Firstly, there was a change in the orientation of group that covered both investment decisions and encouragement of individuals’ use of the management system. Here, there was changes, in the in the management guidance for the group. Secondly, in 1997, a relationship of the joint nature with Itochu Corporation and Isuzu Ltd restructured the business pattern and this made AAC the only manufacture. Thirdly, there was an economic, national crisis which made AAC to bring in an efficiency policy to satisfy the new requirement of customers. Being the largest Corporation in Indonesia, AAC had close relation with Japanese partners. This was an influence to the member countries as it introduced unique practices, norms and value (Effron and Ort, 2010). The many corporations they had with Japanese counterparts made them acquire knowledge from different perspectives. For the integration of the practice, value and norms, there was a development of system of management to unite and link resources, identities and capability. This system was refe rred to as ATQC. There was also an introduction of quality control system by the group. The groups made a team put to practice and encourage companies adhere to the quality assurance. In 1994, AAC received their certification and got support from implementation group and was renewed in 1996. AAC transformed

Branding in FMCG Goods in Changing Economic Conditions

Branding in FMCG Goods in Changing Economic Conditions An energetic person in field of marketing with knowledge base of B.E mechanical Post graduate Diploma in Business management played a very important role for my thesis. He has an experience of more than tow years in Sales and Marketing, at Excell elevators and currently working at IIPM Ahmedabad, as a Senior Research Associate. Perfection and proper direction are his two keys to achievement for any work. Without his best guidance for this thesis, it would have been possible to complete this thesis. Sir, also helped me out in solving my queries related to the thesis. His immense knowledge in marketing field has helped me to a great extent to complete my thesis. His humble approach towards every students, gives a great encouragement to work with him. As a thesis guide he helped me out in every possible way he could. I specially thank him for taking out his precious time for helping me out in completing my thesis. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Research always start with a question or a problem. Its purpose is to question through the application of the scientific method. Its a systematic and intensive study directed towards a more completed knowledge of the subject studied.  · Primary Research: 1. Interaction with customers by filling up questionnaires 2. Interview with Marketing manager 3. Total sample size which is taken into consideration for research is 100 respondents  · Secondary Research: 1. Books 2. Internet 3. Articles and Magazines 4. Project Reports and News paper PREFACE Branding strategy : Every organization has a brand, whether they have consciously developed or not. A brand is an expectation or a promise of experience. Whether that expectation is trusting, authoritative, innovative, brands are the short hand for describing the way a business, organization, product, services, or a person relates to its stake holders. The way to build a strong to put their customers and their needs at the center of the every decision the organization makes. Overtime the customer centric action creates the differentiation in the marketplace and build an emotional connection with the customers. The process of managing brand as assets begins with the understanding the brand from the customers point of view. What image, reputation, perception does each customer and stake holder maintain that can be capitalized or corrected. Managing brand as assets also requires a considerable effort to measure and quantify the impact of the brand on customer, their decision, and the companies financial performance. BRAND STRATEGY: Brand strategy is the plan for the company how it is going to create the value for the customers by building its brands strength and addressing its weakness. Brand strategies manifest product innovation, graphic design, store layout, customer service and many other components of the brand experience. The strategy provides the foundation for development of brand building program and typically includes brand objective, consistent brand name and identity systems, target audience and positioning, key communication messages and prioritization of brand touch points. The recent global slow down as sent everyone in a tizzy. From financial institution to manufacturing industries, everyone has faced the heat of the slowdown. In this scenario I have taken up the matter of the Branding Strategy which is being applied in the FMCG sector. What kind of changes were applied or not and what were the strategies brought in to tackle the slowdown is the matter of study. Different companies have tried to tackle the situation by bringing in new changes in their branding strategy. Some organization may not have required to change their strategies in the market. It may be because of their strong market presence, brand loyalty or strong financial performance. Here some cases of the companies and their brand will be studied thoroughly. It will be seen that what kind of changes were made or no changes were made in the marketing strategy LITERATURE REVIEW A Brand is not a by-product, an ad-campaign, a logo, a spokesperson or a slogan. It is the differentiating identity and the most important reason for customers, employees, stake holders to do the business with you. In a real sense its a firms most important asset. The new era has come, where innovation is the only way to stay in the market. Whether be it a product, an ad-campaign or marketing strategy innovation is the tool to survive. But the recent recession gives us a thought, should the Branding strategy that is being applied remain the same? The answer can be found looking at different cases. It may be necessary to look after the branding strategy to be applied in a different manner even if the current branding strategy is alright and doing good to fetch the business in the market. Because sticking to the old branding strategy may not always be a big hit. As earlier said innovation is very much important. INTRODUCTION: Recession Marketing Success Requires Boldness Over the years hundreds of studies have been conducted to prove companies should maintain advertising during a recession. In the 1920s advertising executive Roland S. Vaile tracked 200 companies through the recession of 1923. He reported in the April 1927 issue of the Harvard Business Review that the biggest sales increases throughout the period were rung up by companies that advertised the most. After World War II, Buchen Advertising, Inc. decided to plot the sales of a large number of advertisers through successive recessions. In 1947, it began measuring the annual advertising expenditures of each company. When they correlated the s with sales and profit trends before, during and after the recessions of 1949, 1954, 1958 and 1961, they found that almost without exception sales and profits dropped off at companies that cut back on advertising The conclusion of six more recession studies by the group present formidable evidence that cutting advertising in times of economic downturns can result in both immediate and long-term negative effects on sales and profit levels. Meldrum Fewsmiths former Senior VP, J. Welsey Rosberg reports â€Å" I have yet to see any study that proves apprehension is the route to success. Studies consistently have proven that companies that have the intelligence and guts to maintain or enlarge their overall marketing and advertising efforts in times of business downturns will get the edge on their hesitant competitors. Their studies also discovered that after the recessions ended, those companies continued to insulate behind the ones that had maintained their advertising budgets. In 1979 another study by ABP/Meldrum Fewsmith, covering the recession of 1974-75 and post-recession years, showed similar findings. They found that â€Å"companies which did not slash advertising expenditures during the recession years (1974-1975), experienced higher sales and net income during those two years and the two years following than companies which cut ad budgets in either or both recession years.† In an economic downturn, there may be a inclination to give up on new thoughts and thinking, and just hunker down, until the worst is over. But, what if this is really our chance to observe new possibilities? If freaking out doesnt make your numbers improve (and at this point you can lead a consumer to your product, but you cant make her buy), what might happen when you use that brainwave space to identify and integrate consumer trends you never actually noticed before? Possibly amazing things. Take Reena Janas quick hit Businessweek article and video with David Rockwell, architect/branding expert/set designer, as an example. He commented on hotel design, which has been on my mind a bit lately too. One of Rockwells thoughts: what about holding cooking classes in hotel kitchens? Such design thinking is worth a little hotelier attention these days, given the convergence of trends in staying home, cooking more, and being with family. What else, physical space or otherwise, is primed for such â€Å"transformability,† as Rockwell called it? Cooking classes in a hotel kitchen could serve consumers and add value on so many levels but without this â€Å"what now† sense of doom we feel, such ideas might never surface. Given extreme limitations, creative thinking is forced to be that much more bold, even as the solutions become more streamlined. Heres another example of transformability, in my mind: Consider how Subaru is handling the current â€Å"discount† season, with their â€Å"Share The Love† philanthropic campaign. Rather than promoting money-back at loan signing or one of the other classic year-end strategies for a car dealer, they kept within the tight parameters, learned more about their consumers and thought quite in a different way. What their research found was that a generous donation would very much resound with the types of people whod be considering a Subaru buy right about now. Inspiring customers into a car purchase during a downturn, and doing good at the same time? Wow. A tried and true, established auto industry tradition turned on its ear transformed! Without an extreme impetus to fill a void of ideas in a difficult consumer environment, such a concept might never have surfaced. If design thinking and transformability emerges only when long-established industries with entrenched business practices and ethnicity get hit this hard maybe we have something to be thankful for after all? This overwhelming bad may have opened a few more of us up to a very clever, possibly unusual and thereby all the more noticeable leveraging of consumer development. Theres a great deal of pluck and drag about the loss of fizz at Pepsi and questionably at Coke, as well. Both companies face declining sales of their flagship brands and have used to greater or lesser success predictable ways to mask the elementary issue: Fewer people are buying less and less of these iconic brands. conservative wisdom says do two things at once: Buy up more trendy beverages, like waters, sports and energy drinks; and work really, really hard to strengthen the base brands. So, Pepsi hires Peter Arnell (of Tropicana Disaster fame), fires its long-time ad agency and creates a proposal that calls for marketing its wares at the real me. According to BusinessWeek, the challenge was to make Pepsi as culturally relevant as the iPod. Good luck with that, Peter. The temptation of course is honest: Wouldnt it be great if brown, sugary water could be as cool as the latest touch screen gadget? Gosh, it would be great. However, its not going to happen. So rather than sending marketing execs on cool hunts for design inspiration, heres a more daunting trek: Take a look at what other brands have done, what Coke and Pepsi have to do to each other. Grow share in a declining market. It would be so great to imagine that theres something to be done with either of these brands that could forge an entirely new category of experience and therefore consumer behaviors the way the iPod has. But the truth is theyd learn much more by taking a commuter flight to Winston-Salem, N.C. Its so very transgressive to even suggest it, but the only people who have spent time trying to wrestle for share in declining markets are the tobacco brands. (a) FMCG SECTOR (i) Global Perspective: The FMCG industry, or alternatively named CPG, abbreviation for Consumer Packaged Goods, deals mainly with the production, distribution as well as marketing of packaged goods for all consumers. The Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) has to do with those consumables which are regularly being consumed. Among the first activities of the FMCG industry there is selling, marketing, financing, purchasing, and so on. Recently this industry has also launched in operations, supply chain, production, general management, etc. The wide range of consumable goods provided by the FMCG industry turns over a large amount of money, while competition among FMCG manufacturing is become more and more fierce. Investors are putting more and more into the FMCG industry, especially in India, where the FMCG industry is the fourth largest sector, having a total market size of more than US$13.1 billion, and still estimated to double by 2010. In New Zealand as well, the FMCG industry accounts for 5% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Some common FMCG product include food and dairy products, glassware, paper products, pharmaceuticals, electronics, plastic goods, printing goods, household products, photography, drinks etc, so here coffee, tea, greeting cards, gifts, detergents, soaps etc are all included. The factors that made the FMCG industry a highly competitive one are low operational cost, solid distribution networks, and emergence of new FMCG companies. In addition, the growth of the worlds population is another responsible factor for the huge success of this particular industry. Some of the leading FMCG companies all over the world are Sara Lee, Nestlà ©, Unilever, Procter Gamble, Coca-Cola, Carlsberg, Kleenex, General Mills, Mars etc. Not only does it provide the necessary goods for day to day life, but the FMCG industry has also created tremendous job opportunities and careers. It is a stable, varied, and highly profitable industry, and the jobs it provide range from sales, supply chain, finance, marketing, operations, human resources, development, general management, and so on. Recruitment has also grown together with the growth in the FMCG sector: * The working force within FMCG manufacturing in the UK accounts for 14% of the total workforce in UK; * Sales in the FMCG industry accounted for  £14.5 billion in 2000, spent on non-food UK products alone, in grocery retail sectors in UK; * In 2000 the non-food FMCG market in UK, raised to  £110 billon. Including sectors such as Food, Drink and Pharmaceutical the output registered by FMCG accounts for 19% of the UKs GDP i. Indian Perspective: The Indian FMCG sector is the fourth largest sector in the economy with a total market size in excess of dollar 13.1 billion. It has a strong MNC, presence and is characterized by a well established distribution network, intense competition between the organized and unorganized asegments and low operational cost. Availability of key raw materials, cheaper labor costs and presence across the entire value chain gives India a competitive advantage. The FMCG market is set to treble from $11.6 billion in 2003 to $ 33.4 billion in 2015. Penetration level as per capita consumption in most product categories like jams, toothpaste, skin care, hair wash etc in India is low indicating the untapped market potential. Burgeoning Indian population, particularly the middle class and the rural segments, presents an opportunity to makers of branded products to converts consumers to branded products. Growth is also likely to come from consumer upgrading in the matured product cat egories. With 200 million people expected to shift to processed and packaged food by 2010, India needs around $28 billion of investment in the food processing industry India has enacted policies aimed at attaining international competitiveness through lifting of the quantitative restrictions, reduced excise duties, automatic foreign investment and food laws resulting in an environment that fosters growth. Cent per cent export oriented units can be set up by government approval and use of foreign brand names is now freely permitted. Automatic investment approval including foreign technology agreements within specified norms, up to 100 per cent foreign equity or 100 per cent for NRI and overseas corporate bodies investment, is allowed for most the food processing sector except malted food, alcoholic beverages and those reserved for small scale industries. 24% foreign equity is permitted in the small scale sector. Temprorary approvals for imports for test marketing can also be obtained from the Director General of foreign Trade. The evolution of a more liberal FDI policy environment in India is clearly supported by the successful operation of some of the global majors like PepsiCo in India. The Indian government has abolished licensing for almost all food and agro-processing industries except for some items like alcohol, cane sugar, hydrogenated animal fats and oils etc. and items reserved for the exclusive manufacture in the SSI sector Quantitative restrictions were removed in 2001 and Union Budget 2004-05 further identified 85 items that would be taken out of the reserved list. This has resulted in a boom in the FMCG market through market expansion and greater product opportunities. TRENDS AND PLAYERS The Indian FMCG sector is the fourth largest sector in the economy and creates employment for three million people in downstream activities. Within the FMCG sector, the Indian food processing industry represented 6.3% of GDP and accounted for 13 per cent of the countrys exports in 2003-04. A distinct feature of the FMCG industry is the presence of most global players through their subsidiaries (HLL, PG, NESTLE) which ensures new product launches in the Indian market from the parents portfolio. Demand for FMCG products is set to boom by almost 60 per cent by 2010 and more than 100 per cent by 2015. This will be driven by the rise in share of middle class from 67% in 2003 to 88 percent in 2015 The boom in various consumer categories, further, indicates a latent demand for various product segments. For example, the upper end of very rich and a part of the consuming class indicate a small but rapidly growing segment for branded products. The middle segment, on the other hand, indicates a large market for the mass end products. The BRICs report indicates that Indias per capita disposable income, currently at $556 per annum will rise to $1150 by 2015-another FMCG demand driver. Spurt in the industrial and services sector growth is also likely to boos the urban consumption demand. HOUSEHOLD CARE The size of the fabric wash market is estimated to be $ 1 billion, household cleaners to be $ 239 million and the production of synthetic detergents at 2.6 million tones. The demand for detergents has been growing at an annual growth rate of 10 to 11 per cent during the past five years. The urban market prefers washing powder and detergents to bars. The regional and small un-organized players account for a major share of the total volume of the detergent market. PERSONAL CARE: The size of the personal wash products is estimated at $989 million: hair care products at $831 million and oral care products at $537 million. While the overall personal wash market is growing at one per cent, the premium and middle end soaps are growing at 10 per cent. The leading players in this market are HUL, NIRMA, Godrej and Reckitt Colman. The oral care market, especially toothpastes, remains under penetrated in with penetration below 45 per cent. The industry is very competitive both for organized and smaller regional players The Indian skin care and cosmetics market is valued at $274 million dominated by HUL, Colgate Palmolive, Gillete India and Godrej Soaps. The coconut oil market accounts for 7 per cent share in the hair oil market. In the branded coconut hair oil market, Marico and Dabur are the leading players. The market for branded coconut oil is valued at approximately $174 million FOOD AND BEVERAGES The size of the Indian food processing industry is around $65.6 billion, including $ 20.6 billion of value added products. Of this, the health beverage industry is valued at $ 230 million: bread and biscuits at $1.7 billion: chocolates at $73 million and ice creams at $188 million The size of the semi processed ready to eat food segment is over $1.1 billion. Large biscuits and confectionery units, soya processing units and starch glucose sorbitol producing units have also come up, cater to domestic and international markets. The three larges consumed categories of packaged foods are packd tea, biscuits and soft drinks. The Indian beverage industry faces over supply in segments like coffee and tea. However, more than half of this is available in unpacked or loose for. Indian hot beverage market is a tea dominant market. Consumer s in different parts of the coutry have erogenous taste. Dust tea is popular in southern India, while loose tea is preferred in western India. The urban rural split of the tea market was 51:49 in 2000. Coffee is largely consumed in southern states. The size of the toatla packaged coffee market is 19600 tonnes or $87 million. The total soft drink market is estimated at 284 million crates a year or $1 billion. The market is highly seasonal in nature with consumption varying from 25 million crates per month during peak season to 15 million during offseason. The market is predominantly urban with 25 per cent contribution from rural areas. Coca cola and Pepsi dominate the Indian soft drinks market. Mineral water market in India is a 65 million crates ($50 million) industry. On an average, the monthly consumption is estimated at 4.9 million crates, which increases to 5.2 million during peak season. RURAL MARKETS : SMALL IS BEAUTIFUL By the early nineties FMCG MARKETERS HAD D OUT TWO THINGS 1) Rural markets are vital for survival since the urban markets were getting saturated. 2) Rural markets are extremely price sensitive Thus, a number of companies followed the strategy of launching a wide range of package sized and prices to suit the purchasing preferences of Indias varied consumer segments. Hindustan Unilever a subsidiary of Unilever, coined the term nano marketing in the early nineties, when it introduced its products n small sachets. Small sachets were introduced in almost all the FMCG segments from oil, shampoo, and detergents to beverages Cola major, coke brought down the average price of its products from around twenty cents to ten cents bridging the gap between soft drinks and other local options like tea, butter milk or lemon juice. It also doubled the number of outlets in rural areas from 80,000 during 2005 to 160000 the next year almost doubling its market penetration from 13 per cent to 25 percent. This along with greater marketing, led to the rural market accounting for 80 per cent of new coke drinkers and 30 per cent of its total volumes. GLOBAL BRANDING: I. Introduction In this day and age, consumers automatically recount a product to the name of a particular brand. More specially, the status of the said brand tends to trigger signals of whether a product is cost-effective, superior in quality, or even connect to a particular social status. Numerous studies have maintained that brands have become powerful tools in modern marketing. It has become one of the major factors that consumers consider in their purchasing decisions. Any commercial organization knows this as a fact. That is why they are inclined to place their attention to brands and the demands of the consumers. It has become an requisite component of the marketing operations of the modern organization. For existing multinational companies, having a global brand name has been massively helpful in expanding their operations the world over. Presenting their products and services as the top alternative in the market nowadays is not enough to ensure the success. In this era where the consumer is independent, every company needs to build a brand that will be universally familiar in any market. Companies seek to establish a global brand with the ends of acquiring a bigger market share and a better position in the market. Though it is a common belief that having a global brand name equate to success in terms of business, there are still existing issues that comes with it. This paper will be considering the minutiae of establishing a global brand name. Similarly, the key reasons why this is being considered by most, if not all, companies will be taken into account along with the other alternatives that these companies have in marketing a global product. II. Marketing Under a Global Brand Name The term â€Å"global brand† is often interchanged with the term â€Å"global product.† However, there are studies that pointed out that the two are completely different terms. Basically, a global product connotes merchandise sold all over the world that share standardized attributes. This means that these products have a propensity to have a uniform set of characteristics and normally take on common brand names. On the other hand, a global brand tends to characterize the identity and image close to a specific product. More importantly, it is the blend of both tangible and intangible attributes that constitute a global brand. Recent studies of global branding designate that the said concept is subject to the view of the individual consumer. More specifically, the more recent views of international branding strategy tend to reflect the demands of the consumers. As puts it, these global brands are subjected to the global culture. In its simplest terms, global culture pertains to a set of consumer tastes and values. These tastes and values do not necessarily share the same standards and often show conflict with one another. Thus, global brands have to take on a certain level of flexibility in their operations. In its face value, this seems quite a daunting task for any company. However, this does not stop them from seeking to establish a global brand name and take on in global branding strategies. Why? The reason is that despite these complex concerns of the consumers, these brands have become embedded in their consciousness. The bottom-line is that, despite their best efforts, consumers cannot ignore global brands. The following parts will discuss the other advantages that companies enjoy in operating a global brand. A. Creation of Demand on Other Countries One of the advantages of having a global brand is the possibility of demand spillovers. This means that the marketing efforts held in a particular country could essentially multiply out to markets of other countries. Basically, the image of the global brands encapsulates this advantage. The concept of brand popularity and the country of starting point often establish this type of demand spillover. Share this suggestion of demand of global brands. Mainly, they call this element of global brands as the â€Å"global myth.† Simply put, demand of global brands tends to provide the consumers a feeling of having a â€Å"global identity† or having a feeling of being a â€Å"citizen of the world.† Studies on the effect of brand popularity on the company maintained that it has major implications on its market share. In the study of they pointed out that the company acquires benefits from brand popularity. One benefit is that having brand popularity provides the consumers more confidence in their purchasing decisions with particular reference to giving the implied assurance that a popular brand is better than the alternative. Another benefit of brand popularity is the association of assessment to the product. Coined this dimension of global brands as â€Å"quality signals.† Thus, issues of price of the product with a global brand are often regarded as â€Å"reasonable† because of its perceived high value among consumers. B. Strategic Appeal Another perceived reason why organizations seek to establish a global brand is because of its strategic appeal. Indicated in their study that global brands tend to have more opportunities than their equivalent in the local markets. This is supported by the earlier studies on the markets in the US, Japan, and EU.Noted that global brands offers companies an efficient way of exhausting its resources. More specifically, maintaining global brands tend to offer the possibility of lower costs and having the highest quality product. Aside from the earlier fact pointed out on the demand spillover, a consequent outcome of that phenomenon would be the demand for standardized products. This means that modifications to meet the local demands are significantly lessened as the demand replicate greater value with the unaltered global brands. In this regard, time and resources in the amendment processes is taken away which equates to cost reductions and further profit for the company. On the whole, the creation of global brands creates a much greater economies of scale and scope for companies. III. Brand Management in the Global Setting Recent marketing initiatives in the global setting have acknowledged the importance of bands in dealing with the dynamic business environment. Recent studies maintained that it is important for companies to treat their brand management initiatives as they treat their strategic management processes. ( 2001, 75) This means that the battle of brands in both their local and domestic counterparts have intensified throughout the years. This increase in the demands on the part of the organizations has given them the responsibility of making their brand management more systematic, scientific and a continuous process. The study of (2001, 75) basically maintained that companies should bake sure that their brand will be remembered constantly. Be it through logos or taste, the consumer has to readily recognize the brand right away. This is where brand management comes in to the picture. There are studies that maintain initially what their brand intends to represent. In doing so, the company is able to find a way to position its brand with reference to the other players in the market. ( 2001, 75) This is seen in the case of global brands like Nike and Coca-Cola. In the case of Nike, they have decided to package themselves as a brand associated with winning. On the other hand, the Coca-Cola brand tends to place value on their universal taste. ( 2003, 198) A case study of Procter Gamble maintained that a use of a brand portfolio would be able to help a company in managing its brand in the global setting. (2003) With such a tool at their disposal, PG is able to make sound decisions with regards to their brand management initiatives. In doing so, PG are able to position their products properly with reference to the other players like Unilever, Kimberly-Clark and Colgate-Palmolive. Studies pertaining to branding strategies and theories point out two important components organizations should consider in their brand management initiatives. These are brand equity and brand value. A. Value Creation in Branding Brand value is the perceived worth of the consumers on the brand. The most notable form of value creation in brands is through advertising. (2003, 53) There are three known approaches in the creation of value in brands: decoration, gluing, and mascot approach. The decoration approach basically shows a branding strategy displaying differentiation by connecting the brand to completely different cues presented by the other players in the market. ( 1999, 51) The gluing strategy of value creation associates their product to certain emotional cues of the consumer. These are seen in advertisements that attempt to stir the emotion of the possible buyers. (1992, 10) The mascot approach on the other hand indicates the use of a human-like entity that is believed to be able to establish a connection to the potential buyers. The use of charismatic non-human characters (Pillsbury Dough Boy) tends to reflect this type of value creation approach in branding. ( 2004, 188) Basically, these approaches of value creation tend to be influential for the buying decisions of the consumers. In the same regard, the use of brands could also be a way towards building this value to the company. B. Using Brand Equity The term brand equity denotes the net revenue of the brand which it is expected Branding in FMCG Goods in Changing Economic Conditions Branding in FMCG Goods in Changing Economic Conditions An energetic person in field of marketing with knowledge base of B.E mechanical Post graduate Diploma in Business management played a very important role for my thesis. He has an experience of more than tow years in Sales and Marketing, at Excell elevators and currently working at IIPM Ahmedabad, as a Senior Research Associate. Perfection and proper direction are his two keys to achievement for any work. Without his best guidance for this thesis, it would have been possible to complete this thesis. Sir, also helped me out in solving my queries related to the thesis. His immense knowledge in marketing field has helped me to a great extent to complete my thesis. His humble approach towards every students, gives a great encouragement to work with him. As a thesis guide he helped me out in every possible way he could. I specially thank him for taking out his precious time for helping me out in completing my thesis. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Research always start with a question or a problem. Its purpose is to question through the application of the scientific method. Its a systematic and intensive study directed towards a more completed knowledge of the subject studied.  · Primary Research: 1. Interaction with customers by filling up questionnaires 2. Interview with Marketing manager 3. Total sample size which is taken into consideration for research is 100 respondents  · Secondary Research: 1. Books 2. Internet 3. Articles and Magazines 4. Project Reports and News paper PREFACE Branding strategy : Every organization has a brand, whether they have consciously developed or not. A brand is an expectation or a promise of experience. Whether that expectation is trusting, authoritative, innovative, brands are the short hand for describing the way a business, organization, product, services, or a person relates to its stake holders. The way to build a strong to put their customers and their needs at the center of the every decision the organization makes. Overtime the customer centric action creates the differentiation in the marketplace and build an emotional connection with the customers. The process of managing brand as assets begins with the understanding the brand from the customers point of view. What image, reputation, perception does each customer and stake holder maintain that can be capitalized or corrected. Managing brand as assets also requires a considerable effort to measure and quantify the impact of the brand on customer, their decision, and the companies financial performance. BRAND STRATEGY: Brand strategy is the plan for the company how it is going to create the value for the customers by building its brands strength and addressing its weakness. Brand strategies manifest product innovation, graphic design, store layout, customer service and many other components of the brand experience. The strategy provides the foundation for development of brand building program and typically includes brand objective, consistent brand name and identity systems, target audience and positioning, key communication messages and prioritization of brand touch points. The recent global slow down as sent everyone in a tizzy. From financial institution to manufacturing industries, everyone has faced the heat of the slowdown. In this scenario I have taken up the matter of the Branding Strategy which is being applied in the FMCG sector. What kind of changes were applied or not and what were the strategies brought in to tackle the slowdown is the matter of study. Different companies have tried to tackle the situation by bringing in new changes in their branding strategy. Some organization may not have required to change their strategies in the market. It may be because of their strong market presence, brand loyalty or strong financial performance. Here some cases of the companies and their brand will be studied thoroughly. It will be seen that what kind of changes were made or no changes were made in the marketing strategy LITERATURE REVIEW A Brand is not a by-product, an ad-campaign, a logo, a spokesperson or a slogan. It is the differentiating identity and the most important reason for customers, employees, stake holders to do the business with you. In a real sense its a firms most important asset. The new era has come, where innovation is the only way to stay in the market. Whether be it a product, an ad-campaign or marketing strategy innovation is the tool to survive. But the recent recession gives us a thought, should the Branding strategy that is being applied remain the same? The answer can be found looking at different cases. It may be necessary to look after the branding strategy to be applied in a different manner even if the current branding strategy is alright and doing good to fetch the business in the market. Because sticking to the old branding strategy may not always be a big hit. As earlier said innovation is very much important. INTRODUCTION: Recession Marketing Success Requires Boldness Over the years hundreds of studies have been conducted to prove companies should maintain advertising during a recession. In the 1920s advertising executive Roland S. Vaile tracked 200 companies through the recession of 1923. He reported in the April 1927 issue of the Harvard Business Review that the biggest sales increases throughout the period were rung up by companies that advertised the most. After World War II, Buchen Advertising, Inc. decided to plot the sales of a large number of advertisers through successive recessions. In 1947, it began measuring the annual advertising expenditures of each company. When they correlated the s with sales and profit trends before, during and after the recessions of 1949, 1954, 1958 and 1961, they found that almost without exception sales and profits dropped off at companies that cut back on advertising The conclusion of six more recession studies by the group present formidable evidence that cutting advertising in times of economic downturns can result in both immediate and long-term negative effects on sales and profit levels. Meldrum Fewsmiths former Senior VP, J. Welsey Rosberg reports â€Å" I have yet to see any study that proves apprehension is the route to success. Studies consistently have proven that companies that have the intelligence and guts to maintain or enlarge their overall marketing and advertising efforts in times of business downturns will get the edge on their hesitant competitors. Their studies also discovered that after the recessions ended, those companies continued to insulate behind the ones that had maintained their advertising budgets. In 1979 another study by ABP/Meldrum Fewsmith, covering the recession of 1974-75 and post-recession years, showed similar findings. They found that â€Å"companies which did not slash advertising expenditures during the recession years (1974-1975), experienced higher sales and net income during those two years and the two years following than companies which cut ad budgets in either or both recession years.† In an economic downturn, there may be a inclination to give up on new thoughts and thinking, and just hunker down, until the worst is over. But, what if this is really our chance to observe new possibilities? If freaking out doesnt make your numbers improve (and at this point you can lead a consumer to your product, but you cant make her buy), what might happen when you use that brainwave space to identify and integrate consumer trends you never actually noticed before? Possibly amazing things. Take Reena Janas quick hit Businessweek article and video with David Rockwell, architect/branding expert/set designer, as an example. He commented on hotel design, which has been on my mind a bit lately too. One of Rockwells thoughts: what about holding cooking classes in hotel kitchens? Such design thinking is worth a little hotelier attention these days, given the convergence of trends in staying home, cooking more, and being with family. What else, physical space or otherwise, is primed for such â€Å"transformability,† as Rockwell called it? Cooking classes in a hotel kitchen could serve consumers and add value on so many levels but without this â€Å"what now† sense of doom we feel, such ideas might never surface. Given extreme limitations, creative thinking is forced to be that much more bold, even as the solutions become more streamlined. Heres another example of transformability, in my mind: Consider how Subaru is handling the current â€Å"discount† season, with their â€Å"Share The Love† philanthropic campaign. Rather than promoting money-back at loan signing or one of the other classic year-end strategies for a car dealer, they kept within the tight parameters, learned more about their consumers and thought quite in a different way. What their research found was that a generous donation would very much resound with the types of people whod be considering a Subaru buy right about now. Inspiring customers into a car purchase during a downturn, and doing good at the same time? Wow. A tried and true, established auto industry tradition turned on its ear transformed! Without an extreme impetus to fill a void of ideas in a difficult consumer environment, such a concept might never have surfaced. If design thinking and transformability emerges only when long-established industries with entrenched business practices and ethnicity get hit this hard maybe we have something to be thankful for after all? This overwhelming bad may have opened a few more of us up to a very clever, possibly unusual and thereby all the more noticeable leveraging of consumer development. Theres a great deal of pluck and drag about the loss of fizz at Pepsi and questionably at Coke, as well. Both companies face declining sales of their flagship brands and have used to greater or lesser success predictable ways to mask the elementary issue: Fewer people are buying less and less of these iconic brands. conservative wisdom says do two things at once: Buy up more trendy beverages, like waters, sports and energy drinks; and work really, really hard to strengthen the base brands. So, Pepsi hires Peter Arnell (of Tropicana Disaster fame), fires its long-time ad agency and creates a proposal that calls for marketing its wares at the real me. According to BusinessWeek, the challenge was to make Pepsi as culturally relevant as the iPod. Good luck with that, Peter. The temptation of course is honest: Wouldnt it be great if brown, sugary water could be as cool as the latest touch screen gadget? Gosh, it would be great. However, its not going to happen. So rather than sending marketing execs on cool hunts for design inspiration, heres a more daunting trek: Take a look at what other brands have done, what Coke and Pepsi have to do to each other. Grow share in a declining market. It would be so great to imagine that theres something to be done with either of these brands that could forge an entirely new category of experience and therefore consumer behaviors the way the iPod has. But the truth is theyd learn much more by taking a commuter flight to Winston-Salem, N.C. Its so very transgressive to even suggest it, but the only people who have spent time trying to wrestle for share in declining markets are the tobacco brands. (a) FMCG SECTOR (i) Global Perspective: The FMCG industry, or alternatively named CPG, abbreviation for Consumer Packaged Goods, deals mainly with the production, distribution as well as marketing of packaged goods for all consumers. The Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) has to do with those consumables which are regularly being consumed. Among the first activities of the FMCG industry there is selling, marketing, financing, purchasing, and so on. Recently this industry has also launched in operations, supply chain, production, general management, etc. The wide range of consumable goods provided by the FMCG industry turns over a large amount of money, while competition among FMCG manufacturing is become more and more fierce. Investors are putting more and more into the FMCG industry, especially in India, where the FMCG industry is the fourth largest sector, having a total market size of more than US$13.1 billion, and still estimated to double by 2010. In New Zealand as well, the FMCG industry accounts for 5% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Some common FMCG product include food and dairy products, glassware, paper products, pharmaceuticals, electronics, plastic goods, printing goods, household products, photography, drinks etc, so here coffee, tea, greeting cards, gifts, detergents, soaps etc are all included. The factors that made the FMCG industry a highly competitive one are low operational cost, solid distribution networks, and emergence of new FMCG companies. In addition, the growth of the worlds population is another responsible factor for the huge success of this particular industry. Some of the leading FMCG companies all over the world are Sara Lee, Nestlà ©, Unilever, Procter Gamble, Coca-Cola, Carlsberg, Kleenex, General Mills, Mars etc. Not only does it provide the necessary goods for day to day life, but the FMCG industry has also created tremendous job opportunities and careers. It is a stable, varied, and highly profitable industry, and the jobs it provide range from sales, supply chain, finance, marketing, operations, human resources, development, general management, and so on. Recruitment has also grown together with the growth in the FMCG sector: * The working force within FMCG manufacturing in the UK accounts for 14% of the total workforce in UK; * Sales in the FMCG industry accounted for  £14.5 billion in 2000, spent on non-food UK products alone, in grocery retail sectors in UK; * In 2000 the non-food FMCG market in UK, raised to  £110 billon. Including sectors such as Food, Drink and Pharmaceutical the output registered by FMCG accounts for 19% of the UKs GDP i. Indian Perspective: The Indian FMCG sector is the fourth largest sector in the economy with a total market size in excess of dollar 13.1 billion. It has a strong MNC, presence and is characterized by a well established distribution network, intense competition between the organized and unorganized asegments and low operational cost. Availability of key raw materials, cheaper labor costs and presence across the entire value chain gives India a competitive advantage. The FMCG market is set to treble from $11.6 billion in 2003 to $ 33.4 billion in 2015. Penetration level as per capita consumption in most product categories like jams, toothpaste, skin care, hair wash etc in India is low indicating the untapped market potential. Burgeoning Indian population, particularly the middle class and the rural segments, presents an opportunity to makers of branded products to converts consumers to branded products. Growth is also likely to come from consumer upgrading in the matured product cat egories. With 200 million people expected to shift to processed and packaged food by 2010, India needs around $28 billion of investment in the food processing industry India has enacted policies aimed at attaining international competitiveness through lifting of the quantitative restrictions, reduced excise duties, automatic foreign investment and food laws resulting in an environment that fosters growth. Cent per cent export oriented units can be set up by government approval and use of foreign brand names is now freely permitted. Automatic investment approval including foreign technology agreements within specified norms, up to 100 per cent foreign equity or 100 per cent for NRI and overseas corporate bodies investment, is allowed for most the food processing sector except malted food, alcoholic beverages and those reserved for small scale industries. 24% foreign equity is permitted in the small scale sector. Temprorary approvals for imports for test marketing can also be obtained from the Director General of foreign Trade. The evolution of a more liberal FDI policy environment in India is clearly supported by the successful operation of some of the global majors like PepsiCo in India. The Indian government has abolished licensing for almost all food and agro-processing industries except for some items like alcohol, cane sugar, hydrogenated animal fats and oils etc. and items reserved for the exclusive manufacture in the SSI sector Quantitative restrictions were removed in 2001 and Union Budget 2004-05 further identified 85 items that would be taken out of the reserved list. This has resulted in a boom in the FMCG market through market expansion and greater product opportunities. TRENDS AND PLAYERS The Indian FMCG sector is the fourth largest sector in the economy and creates employment for three million people in downstream activities. Within the FMCG sector, the Indian food processing industry represented 6.3% of GDP and accounted for 13 per cent of the countrys exports in 2003-04. A distinct feature of the FMCG industry is the presence of most global players through their subsidiaries (HLL, PG, NESTLE) which ensures new product launches in the Indian market from the parents portfolio. Demand for FMCG products is set to boom by almost 60 per cent by 2010 and more than 100 per cent by 2015. This will be driven by the rise in share of middle class from 67% in 2003 to 88 percent in 2015 The boom in various consumer categories, further, indicates a latent demand for various product segments. For example, the upper end of very rich and a part of the consuming class indicate a small but rapidly growing segment for branded products. The middle segment, on the other hand, indicates a large market for the mass end products. The BRICs report indicates that Indias per capita disposable income, currently at $556 per annum will rise to $1150 by 2015-another FMCG demand driver. Spurt in the industrial and services sector growth is also likely to boos the urban consumption demand. HOUSEHOLD CARE The size of the fabric wash market is estimated to be $ 1 billion, household cleaners to be $ 239 million and the production of synthetic detergents at 2.6 million tones. The demand for detergents has been growing at an annual growth rate of 10 to 11 per cent during the past five years. The urban market prefers washing powder and detergents to bars. The regional and small un-organized players account for a major share of the total volume of the detergent market. PERSONAL CARE: The size of the personal wash products is estimated at $989 million: hair care products at $831 million and oral care products at $537 million. While the overall personal wash market is growing at one per cent, the premium and middle end soaps are growing at 10 per cent. The leading players in this market are HUL, NIRMA, Godrej and Reckitt Colman. The oral care market, especially toothpastes, remains under penetrated in with penetration below 45 per cent. The industry is very competitive both for organized and smaller regional players The Indian skin care and cosmetics market is valued at $274 million dominated by HUL, Colgate Palmolive, Gillete India and Godrej Soaps. The coconut oil market accounts for 7 per cent share in the hair oil market. In the branded coconut hair oil market, Marico and Dabur are the leading players. The market for branded coconut oil is valued at approximately $174 million FOOD AND BEVERAGES The size of the Indian food processing industry is around $65.6 billion, including $ 20.6 billion of value added products. Of this, the health beverage industry is valued at $ 230 million: bread and biscuits at $1.7 billion: chocolates at $73 million and ice creams at $188 million The size of the semi processed ready to eat food segment is over $1.1 billion. Large biscuits and confectionery units, soya processing units and starch glucose sorbitol producing units have also come up, cater to domestic and international markets. The three larges consumed categories of packaged foods are packd tea, biscuits and soft drinks. The Indian beverage industry faces over supply in segments like coffee and tea. However, more than half of this is available in unpacked or loose for. Indian hot beverage market is a tea dominant market. Consumer s in different parts of the coutry have erogenous taste. Dust tea is popular in southern India, while loose tea is preferred in western India. The urban rural split of the tea market was 51:49 in 2000. Coffee is largely consumed in southern states. The size of the toatla packaged coffee market is 19600 tonnes or $87 million. The total soft drink market is estimated at 284 million crates a year or $1 billion. The market is highly seasonal in nature with consumption varying from 25 million crates per month during peak season to 15 million during offseason. The market is predominantly urban with 25 per cent contribution from rural areas. Coca cola and Pepsi dominate the Indian soft drinks market. Mineral water market in India is a 65 million crates ($50 million) industry. On an average, the monthly consumption is estimated at 4.9 million crates, which increases to 5.2 million during peak season. RURAL MARKETS : SMALL IS BEAUTIFUL By the early nineties FMCG MARKETERS HAD D OUT TWO THINGS 1) Rural markets are vital for survival since the urban markets were getting saturated. 2) Rural markets are extremely price sensitive Thus, a number of companies followed the strategy of launching a wide range of package sized and prices to suit the purchasing preferences of Indias varied consumer segments. Hindustan Unilever a subsidiary of Unilever, coined the term nano marketing in the early nineties, when it introduced its products n small sachets. Small sachets were introduced in almost all the FMCG segments from oil, shampoo, and detergents to beverages Cola major, coke brought down the average price of its products from around twenty cents to ten cents bridging the gap between soft drinks and other local options like tea, butter milk or lemon juice. It also doubled the number of outlets in rural areas from 80,000 during 2005 to 160000 the next year almost doubling its market penetration from 13 per cent to 25 percent. This along with greater marketing, led to the rural market accounting for 80 per cent of new coke drinkers and 30 per cent of its total volumes. GLOBAL BRANDING: I. Introduction In this day and age, consumers automatically recount a product to the name of a particular brand. More specially, the status of the said brand tends to trigger signals of whether a product is cost-effective, superior in quality, or even connect to a particular social status. Numerous studies have maintained that brands have become powerful tools in modern marketing. It has become one of the major factors that consumers consider in their purchasing decisions. Any commercial organization knows this as a fact. That is why they are inclined to place their attention to brands and the demands of the consumers. It has become an requisite component of the marketing operations of the modern organization. For existing multinational companies, having a global brand name has been massively helpful in expanding their operations the world over. Presenting their products and services as the top alternative in the market nowadays is not enough to ensure the success. In this era where the consumer is independent, every company needs to build a brand that will be universally familiar in any market. Companies seek to establish a global brand with the ends of acquiring a bigger market share and a better position in the market. Though it is a common belief that having a global brand name equate to success in terms of business, there are still existing issues that comes with it. This paper will be considering the minutiae of establishing a global brand name. Similarly, the key reasons why this is being considered by most, if not all, companies will be taken into account along with the other alternatives that these companies have in marketing a global product. II. Marketing Under a Global Brand Name The term â€Å"global brand† is often interchanged with the term â€Å"global product.† However, there are studies that pointed out that the two are completely different terms. Basically, a global product connotes merchandise sold all over the world that share standardized attributes. This means that these products have a propensity to have a uniform set of characteristics and normally take on common brand names. On the other hand, a global brand tends to characterize the identity and image close to a specific product. More importantly, it is the blend of both tangible and intangible attributes that constitute a global brand. Recent studies of global branding designate that the said concept is subject to the view of the individual consumer. More specifically, the more recent views of international branding strategy tend to reflect the demands of the consumers. As puts it, these global brands are subjected to the global culture. In its simplest terms, global culture pertains to a set of consumer tastes and values. These tastes and values do not necessarily share the same standards and often show conflict with one another. Thus, global brands have to take on a certain level of flexibility in their operations. In its face value, this seems quite a daunting task for any company. However, this does not stop them from seeking to establish a global brand name and take on in global branding strategies. Why? The reason is that despite these complex concerns of the consumers, these brands have become embedded in their consciousness. The bottom-line is that, despite their best efforts, consumers cannot ignore global brands. The following parts will discuss the other advantages that companies enjoy in operating a global brand. A. Creation of Demand on Other Countries One of the advantages of having a global brand is the possibility of demand spillovers. This means that the marketing efforts held in a particular country could essentially multiply out to markets of other countries. Basically, the image of the global brands encapsulates this advantage. The concept of brand popularity and the country of starting point often establish this type of demand spillover. Share this suggestion of demand of global brands. Mainly, they call this element of global brands as the â€Å"global myth.† Simply put, demand of global brands tends to provide the consumers a feeling of having a â€Å"global identity† or having a feeling of being a â€Å"citizen of the world.† Studies on the effect of brand popularity on the company maintained that it has major implications on its market share. In the study of they pointed out that the company acquires benefits from brand popularity. One benefit is that having brand popularity provides the consumers more confidence in their purchasing decisions with particular reference to giving the implied assurance that a popular brand is better than the alternative. Another benefit of brand popularity is the association of assessment to the product. Coined this dimension of global brands as â€Å"quality signals.† Thus, issues of price of the product with a global brand are often regarded as â€Å"reasonable† because of its perceived high value among consumers. B. Strategic Appeal Another perceived reason why organizations seek to establish a global brand is because of its strategic appeal. Indicated in their study that global brands tend to have more opportunities than their equivalent in the local markets. This is supported by the earlier studies on the markets in the US, Japan, and EU.Noted that global brands offers companies an efficient way of exhausting its resources. More specifically, maintaining global brands tend to offer the possibility of lower costs and having the highest quality product. Aside from the earlier fact pointed out on the demand spillover, a consequent outcome of that phenomenon would be the demand for standardized products. This means that modifications to meet the local demands are significantly lessened as the demand replicate greater value with the unaltered global brands. In this regard, time and resources in the amendment processes is taken away which equates to cost reductions and further profit for the company. On the whole, the creation of global brands creates a much greater economies of scale and scope for companies. III. Brand Management in the Global Setting Recent marketing initiatives in the global setting have acknowledged the importance of bands in dealing with the dynamic business environment. Recent studies maintained that it is important for companies to treat their brand management initiatives as they treat their strategic management processes. ( 2001, 75) This means that the battle of brands in both their local and domestic counterparts have intensified throughout the years. This increase in the demands on the part of the organizations has given them the responsibility of making their brand management more systematic, scientific and a continuous process. The study of (2001, 75) basically maintained that companies should bake sure that their brand will be remembered constantly. Be it through logos or taste, the consumer has to readily recognize the brand right away. This is where brand management comes in to the picture. There are studies that maintain initially what their brand intends to represent. In doing so, the company is able to find a way to position its brand with reference to the other players in the market. ( 2001, 75) This is seen in the case of global brands like Nike and Coca-Cola. In the case of Nike, they have decided to package themselves as a brand associated with winning. On the other hand, the Coca-Cola brand tends to place value on their universal taste. ( 2003, 198) A case study of Procter Gamble maintained that a use of a brand portfolio would be able to help a company in managing its brand in the global setting. (2003) With such a tool at their disposal, PG is able to make sound decisions with regards to their brand management initiatives. In doing so, PG are able to position their products properly with reference to the other players like Unilever, Kimberly-Clark and Colgate-Palmolive. Studies pertaining to branding strategies and theories point out two important components organizations should consider in their brand management initiatives. These are brand equity and brand value. A. Value Creation in Branding Brand value is the perceived worth of the consumers on the brand. The most notable form of value creation in brands is through advertising. (2003, 53) There are three known approaches in the creation of value in brands: decoration, gluing, and mascot approach. The decoration approach basically shows a branding strategy displaying differentiation by connecting the brand to completely different cues presented by the other players in the market. ( 1999, 51) The gluing strategy of value creation associates their product to certain emotional cues of the consumer. These are seen in advertisements that attempt to stir the emotion of the possible buyers. (1992, 10) The mascot approach on the other hand indicates the use of a human-like entity that is believed to be able to establish a connection to the potential buyers. The use of charismatic non-human characters (Pillsbury Dough Boy) tends to reflect this type of value creation approach in branding. ( 2004, 188) Basically, these approaches of value creation tend to be influential for the buying decisions of the consumers. In the same regard, the use of brands could also be a way towards building this value to the company. B. Using Brand Equity The term brand equity denotes the net revenue of the brand which it is expected