Lesbian Essay Example for Free

Lesbian Essay In society a persons appearance and label help us categorize and give us a general understanding of who that person is. Of course there are stereotypes that play a part in all of this. However, it is almost impossible to escape seeing as how people are identified by others is usually based on stereotypes. This weeks reading ties in with this exactly. A point was brought up that I found to be quite simple which most people (myself included) would agree with, but is not always the first explanation that would come to a persons mind. The way in which we understand and view what a lesbian is, is influenced by race, class privilege, ethnicity, age, the wanting to conform, and various other factors that weigh in (Crow Gotell, 316). We are influenced by everything that surrounds us, including race, class, privilige, etc. We may not be conscious or aware of it all the time, but it is always there. It is how we understand most of the world, make decisions, and how you and society behaves/interacts with one another. As this argument was mentioned a few paragraphs later once again it got me to think that the way I, a born and raised Canadian understand and view the notion of a lesbian is probably different from a perosn born and raised in another country. Take the Philippines for example. The Phillipines (in the past and currently) almost always portray lesbians as stereotypically masculine and butch lesbians in films, and other media. Whereas Canada, comaparatively does not have so much of that stereotype in the media. But what if we did not have lesbians that fit into the â€Å"norms† of lesbianism? What and who would this affect? The reading brought up another good point that I agree with on one hand, but am quite perplexed with on the other as it not simple as black and white. The lesbian uniform that are put on by the lesbians who want to, (or sometimes unknowingly) identify, conform, and express themselves are not just that uniform. But yet they are. By wearing that uniform they might take away other parts of their identity because they are focusing on on aspect of themselves. A lesbian is not just a lesbian, they, like women are more than just that. A persons identity is composed of thier gender, sexuality, status, ethnicity, the list goes on. And so, when reading this I thought that on top of probably having a harder time coming out and living as a lesbian, there is an identity issue within the identity of being a lesbian, and an issue with being a woman as well. Everything is connected and affect one another in different way. This is what gives everyone lesbian a different experience and identity. Even though two lesbians label themselves as such, what they go through and see other lesbians as is totally dependent on the factors.

Causes effects and solutions to sexual abuse

Causes effects and solutions to sexual abuse Sexual violence manifests sexually aggressive acts by the use of Physical, or mental force which reduces a person to an inferior position to impose sexual conduct against their will. This is an act that fundamentally seeks to bring the body to a weak point and go against the will of the person. Sexual violence has many forms: Access or harassment on the street, at work, at home, at school, in school, at college, etc. Rape Sexual exploitation Sexual abuse of boys and girls Prostitution Pornography Sexual violence is a clear stigma of degradation of the spirit of a society completely ignorant. The degree of aggression that coexists in every case of sexual violence is incredibly frustrating. Nowadays there are so many acts of vandalism that exist that it s impossible to control. Acts that can only be described as authentic aberrations are now growing even dizzying pace (at the expense of the security issues) and they are getting worse, these acts are undoubtedly sexual assaults. Both women and men are victims of sexual abuse. In Australia, conservative estimates indicate that one in every 11 children and one in four girls have undergone some form of sexual abuse before age 18. Men are the perpetrators of most cases of sexual violence (97 percent), but men are a significant proportion of all victims: 26 percent of children under 18 years. Research recently conducted in the United States suggest that up to 20 percent of men suffered sexual abuse in childhood. Additionally, we recognize the incidence of sexual assault against adult men. Sexual assault takes many forms, including child sexual abuse, rape, sexual harassment, incest and other forms of rape in which the victim is never at fault. The responsibility lies with the offender and in our society, a society that allows and promotes sexual violence. There are numerous acts of aggression towards children that have emerged in recent years a favorite of these criminals, twisted minds and lacking in common sense. Such situations cause to the victim, in most cases, psychological disturbances that are often irreparable. Physically and also affected the worst, brutally murdered, which is becoming more common today. Generally, those who commit such acts are affected mentally, and if I say generally because in many cases these crimes are committed in full knowledge of the damage, and have no qualms about the damage hauled to the victim. As already indicated sexual assault are mainly oriented towards women, which are clearly the object of desire of the obsessive mind of these criminals do not care who commit such acts of violence, in order to satisfy their instinctive desires in a way appalling and without any scruples. The worst thing is that these people, if not arrested the first time, will re-offending again. Sexual abuse includes both touching offenses (fondling or sexual intercourse) and nontouching offenses (exposing a child to pornographic materials) and can involve varying degrees of violence and emotional trauma. (Sexual abuse, ) In fact our safety is compromised by such actions, which are clearly of concern to everyone. Resort to murder after a violation for the sole reason to hide evidence, when in fact what they try to hide is the ugliness of their own acts, which are conscious and torment them. In an extremely liberal society, they have been the consequences that after all prevent us from having that true freedom that we boast, and that robs us of every hack of sexual violence. This type of violence, which only serves to create panic in society and rob security standard that we should belong. Our society, outraged, accusing various elements of what is happening, though science is not certain there are some factors that cause these acts, because to do so or not in the ideals of each person. However, attempts to show that there are a number of things that malformation the minds of people, especially children and adolescents, and possibly be true, because what is done and you learn ends up being what we do. Sexual violence is the product of the high life of man, which led him to desire to enjoy life totally wrong 2. Sexual Abuse in Children When a child tells an adult who has been sexually abused, the adult may be very uncomfortable and may not know what to say or do. You should follow the following suggestions to respond to children who say they were sexually abused: What to Say If the child in any way indicates that it has suffered sexual abuse, encourage them to talk freely about what happened. Do not make judgmental comments. Show that you understand and take very seriously what he says. The child and adolescent psychiatrists have found that children who have nobody understand them much better than those who do not. The initial response to the revelation of sexual abuse is critical to the childs ability to resolve and heal the trauma of sexual abuse. Reassure your child that he was right to say it. If your child has a close relationship with the abuser, may feel frightened if he has threatened to harm him or his family as punishment for telling the secret. Tell the child that he / she are not to blame for sexual abuse. Most children try to understand the abuse and think that they caused the abuse or imagine that is a punishment for bad things (real or imagined) they did. Finally, offer the child protection, and promise that you will promptly ensure that the abuse stops. Parents should consult with your pediatrician or family doctor, who may refer them to a doctor who specializes in the evaluation and treatment of sexual abuse. The doctor who examined the child can assess your condition and treat any physical problem related to the abuse, may also obtain evidence that will help protect the child and ensure that all is well. Usually, the child must also have a psychiatric evaluation to determine how it has affected the sexual abuse and determine if you need professional help to overcome the trauma of abuse. The child and adolescent psychiatrist can also help other members of the family may be upset by the abuse. Although most of the abuse allegations are true, there may be cases of false accusations in child custody disputes or other situations. Occasionally, the court may ask a child and adolescent psychiatrist to help you determine if the child is telling the truth. When the child has to testify, special considerations to reduce your stress, such as the use of video to record the testimony, frequent breaks, exclusion of spectators or the option of not having to look at the accused. Adults, because of their maturity and experience, are always the culprits in cases of abuse. You should never blame the child. When the child makes assumption about sexual abuse, it is important to give support and love, this is the first step to help the child and reestablishing their trust in adults. Pedophilia Child Pornography The pornography child is playing sexually explicit image of a child. This is in itself a form of sexual exploitation of children. Encourage, deceive or force children to pose for photographs or participate in pornographic videos is outrageous and is a disregard for the dignity and self-esteem of children. This means that the body of a child has no value and demonstrates that your body is on sale. Children are deprived of their childhood. Children lose trust in others, particularly in adults, and remain at the mercy of other types of exploitation and can develop a range of post-traumatic stress symptoms such as depression, aggression and violence, loss of self and inclination to self-mutilation. Often their lives end in suicide. Its really difficult to achieve effective implementation of the laws against covert activity. But laws must be applied. They are the final protection of children and so far have not done enough to enact laws or to implement truly effective when they are in force. The sexual abuse and exploitation of children is one of the most vicious crimes conceivable, a violation of mankinds most basic duty to protect the innocent. (Walsh) 3. Sexual Harassment In any case, violence is a case which has several facets, the most worrying, is present in a face somewhat hidden, yet is the most frequent and discussed by all: the sexual harassment. This kind of events occur due to wrong phenomenon that affects our society, the relentless machismo that prevails elsewhere, and that often leads to false ideals of the true conception of life. Sexual harassment includes a range of abuse (usually of men to women), by the wearing short clothes, for example, suggests that men in a consent by women who never actually said. One of the most common is the secretary harassed by her boss often threatened with dismissal and therefore into the jungle of unemployment, if it accepts a set of rules ruthless regarding any type of inappropriate touching. Similarly the young people feel more and more angry, with good reason for the continued harassment they are subjected by the fact of being attractive to older men. Although it must be clear that not only these but also the young who seek to exploit much of its friendship with a girl. We must also mention the existence of many cases of sexual harassment from parents to their minor children. These cases are usually not reported for fear of retaliation, although it should take courage and tell all. These reports are a step hard by the person harassed, but talk is more important than it seems at first glance. 4. Sexual abuse in the marriage or partner Many times we have met with women and men after a time of psychotherapy, for various reasons, and having re-established problems of his personality, such as identity, discrimination, care of themselves, they realize that her husband sexually abused them . Other people know they are leaving abuse and can not react or talk about it. Can not put limits to what they know it is an affront to his person. Examples: Reach a sexual relationship had never really wanted, it is clear that not having loved and not having entered later in a game of seduction and erotic of the two. With the following characteristics in order of severity: physically forced, this is a violation explicit or implicit threats explicitly denied having implicitly denied having do or be doing erotic practices dislikes, does not like or cause displeasure repeatedly having sex without feeling like Having sex or erotic practices or different techniques as an exchange or exchange of certain things is a kind of prostitution. Is knowingly do both or a single person. And in the case may be that both are the abused each suffer attitudes violent fake orgasm Spousal Sexual Assault A penalty of imprisonment as hereinafter provided to any person who engages in nonconsensual sexual intercourse with your spouse or former spouse, or the person cohabiting or has cohabited, or takes or who has a consensual relationship or the person with whom he fathered child in any of the following circumstances If it has been compelled to engage in sexual conduct through the use of force, violence, intimidation or threat of immediate serious bodily harm, or If you have canceled or substantially reduced, without their consent their ability to resistance by means of hypnotics, narcotics, depressants or stimulant substances or similar means to you, or If illness or mental disability, temporary or permanent person was the person unable to understand the nature of the act at the time of its completion, or Whether or induces by forces that abuse and / or psychological violence to a spouse or cohabitant to participate or engage in unwanted sexual intercourse with a third party. The penalty imposed for this crime, except the modality referred to in subsection (a) of this section, shall be imprisonment for a fixed term of fifteen years. Aggravating circumstances, the fixed penalty may be increased to a maximum of twenty years, there were extenuating circumstances, and may be reduced to a minimum of ten years. The penalty imposed for the type of crime referred to in subsection (a) of this section, shall be imprisonment for a fixed term of thirty years. Aggravating circumstances, the fixed penalty may be increased to a maximum of fifty years, there were extenuating circumstances, and may be reduced to a minimum of twenty years. When the mode of the offense described in subsection (a) of this Article is committed while the offender has entered the home of the victim without her consent or a house or residential building, Where the victim or to the patio, land or parking area of these, and when the spouses or cohabitants were broken or residing in different homes or who initiated an action legal divorce, the punishment of crime shall be imprisonment for a fixed term of sixty years. Aggravating circumstances, the fixed penalty may be increased to a maximum of ninety-nine years of extenuating circumstances, may be reduced to a minimum of forty years. The court may impose a sentence of restitution in addition to the penalty of imprisonment provided for in any of the aforementioned modalities. 5. Female Domination This erotic game is basically a change in traditional roles (or at least once traditional) passivity submission by women and dominance aggression initiative by the man during the development of sexual activities and especially during games erotic and practice many couples enjoy a stimulating aperitif prior to consummation of sexual intercourse itself. Female Dominance in the game is to implement a very common erotic fantasy for many men and many women: that women dominate, command, is the lady who loves her man ordered to do whatever she says, and man in turn assume the role of a servant, slave or prisoner giving his freedom and willingness to women, will strive to fulfill her orders for the duration of the game. In that game, which can last a few minutes before the sexual act or continue for hours or even days, she can take on roles such as those of love (the most common and comprehensive), goddess, mistress, employer-patron , boss, secretary or dominant schoolgirl, amazon, etc. and man as the complementary roles of a servant or slave, humble employee, prisoner, and even suffer a reification of what will be treated as an object (chair, polish, ashtray, seat, etc..) which provide pleasurable services his mistress or being animalized and become human or dog horse property of its owner, who knows how to train him to be satisfied in the best way possible. However, the crime is not punished for the sake of the victim who suffers directly, but for the sake of the family that feels that its capacity to utilise the resource (the female body) fully has been compromised. (Os rio, 2005) 6. Sexual Abuse In Men Sexual abuse is a reality in many countries, however, remains taboo. In the past two decades, the movement of women has greatly contributed to open discussion of sexual abuse. This work has enabled basic men who have suffered sexual abuse talk about their experiences and seek help to overcome the trauma of abuse. The sexual abuse has devastating consequences for victims, including those that survive. The victims must fight to overcome the emotional and social effects of the trauma they have suffered. A Culture of Silence It is particularly difficult for children and men reveal that they were sexually assaulted. Our society conditions us to believe that men should always be in control of their emotions, other people and their environment. They are taught to define themselves as men by the degree to which they can meet with success this control. As a result, most men are not believed to be a victim and especially not in the sexual arena. When this happens often provokes a strong emotional shock, being something so far from the normal experience of men. Not only is it difficult for men to accept being sexually assaulted, but likely to live in silence, since the reactions of others enhance the feeling of being victimized. As the survivor finds it hard to believe what has happened, but other people respond with disbelief. If a man reveals he was sexually abused, often punished further when his manhood and sexual orientation are questioned. Sexual assault is a form of violence in which the sex is used as a weapon against the person who was abused. As a result, most male survivors are concerned to some extent their sexuality, whether in relation to our male identity, our position among men, the masculinity of our behavior, our sexual preferences, frequency and sexual satisfaction of our business or our capacity for sexual intimacy. These problems affect our daily lives, often for years after the abuse ended. Generally, people assume that when a man sexually attacked or violated another man, the offender and the victim is gay is too. These notions, popular but misguided, rooted in the myth that sexual assault primarily seeks sexual gratification, and people ignore the issues of power and control. Research has shown that most men who attack other men have a heterosexual orientation and that most survivors of sexual violence are also heterosexual. Assume that the offenders are homosexuals protect and relieve the offender heterosexual and unfairly raise suspicion and blame to the community homosexual. Assume that the victim is homosexual has negative consequences for the survivor, who, regardless of whether heterosexual or homosexual, will suffer the social stigma of being considered homosexual, as well as the feeling of guilt for the attack. This guilt is based on the inability to clearly distinguish between sex with consent or without consent. Although sexual abuse creates confusion and concern about sexuality, sexual preference does not determine the survivor. It is only the survivor, not the offender, who determines their sexual preferences and who is willing to have sex. From Victim to Offender? Men who were sexually abused as children respond to abuse in a variety of ways. Some would overwhelm both the devastating effects of abuse they suffered in their lives who have firmly decided to help the world more secure. So, ensure that, as parents, the relationship with your children and children to be responsible and free abuse, are dedicated to service of humanity, learning skills of assertiveness and communication or fighting social injustice through activism. Other survivors are still seeing themselves as helpless victims, and continually struggle to survive day after day. Lack the capacity and willingness to abuse others, and are often subject to further abuse. Many of the offenders are male, but sexual assault against men or children can also be and is perpetrated by women. It is important to recognize that some men and children have been sexually abused by one or more women, and being well worthy of support.

Nursing Essays Weaning Patient Ventilation

Nursing Essays Weaning Patient Ventilation Weaning Patient Ventilation Introduction The indications of mechanical ventilation are many. The main idea is patients are put to artificial ventilation to satisfy their bodies demand for oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide, since they cannot do this by themselves. Mechanical ventilation may be noninvasive through nasal or face masks or invasive through a tracheotomy tube. The time spent on mechanical ventilation varies. It may be few hours as in cases of heart failure or obstructive airway disease. It may be for longer time as in cases of head injury or premature babies. Other patients may stay on artificial ventilation for unknown time as those in comas or with neurological condition where there is paralysis of the respiratory muscles. Being an aided respiration, so weaning and returning to the normal way of respiration has to be tried. However, the question remains when to wean and how to wean (Pruitt, 2006). When to wean a patient from a ventilator Frutos-Vivar and Esteban (2003) suggested an evidence-based weaning protocol on three steps. In step 1, on treatment follow up and daily assessment, when the patient’s condition improves, there are certain criteria to look for to start the process of weaning. These criteria are A) PO2/FIO2 (fraction of inspired oxygen) is 150-300. B) When positive end expiratory pressure is equal to or less than 5 cm/H2O and C) patient is awake with stable cardiovascular condition. D) Body temperature is less than 38 degrees C and hemoglobin is at 10 g/dl or more. You can get expert help with your essays right now. Find out more The second step is to give the patient a trial of short period for 30 minutes of spontaneous respiration using either a T-tube or a pressure support ventilation of 7cm/H2O. The criteria for trial success are both objective and subjective. Objective criteria are A) gas exchange criteria of SaO2 greater than 90 percent or PaO2 greater than 60 percent with Fio2 less than 0.4-0.5 and increase in PCO2 less than 10 mm Hg or decrease in pH less than 0.1. B) Heart rate should be less than 140 a minute or increased by less than 20 percent from baseline with systolic blood pressure higher than 80-160 mm Hg or change less than 20 percent from baseline. Subjective signs include no extra work of respiratory or accessory respiratory muscles and absent signs of distress as agitation and increased sweating. If the trial succeeds, in other words the patient shows good tolerance to spontaneous respiration, the attending staff can wean the patient. If, on the other hand, the patient shows poor tolerance, the trial is to be repeated every 24 hours until good tolerance occurs, this is known as gradual weaning (Frutos-Vivar and Esteban, 2003). How to wean a patient from mechanical ventilation Weaning can be either gradual as discussed earlier or rapid. Rapid weaning is indicated in cases with no pulmonary or neurological disorders that mandate mechanical weaning. This is best illustrated in cases of postoperative indication as advised by the anesthetic consultant (Pruitt, 2006). Pruitt, 2006 suggested a 12-point protocol for rapid weaning. First, the ventilator settings are those ordered by the anesthetic consultant, 2) get arterial blood gases every 20 minutes, and always compare the results with readings of pulse oximetry and end tidal CO2 values. 3) The patient observation sheet should include A- level of consciousness, B- temperature, and hemoglobin level. C- Gas exchange criteria and respiratory rate. All values discussed before apply for the timing of rapid weaning with slight variations among medical centers. 4) Decrease intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) rate by two breaths/minute when the patient is awake and alert, responding appropriately, and assisting the ventilator. The patient SpO2 is greater than 92%, ETCO2 (end tidal CO2) is less than 40 mm Hg, and hemodynamic values are acceptable. Acceptable hemodynamic values are heart rate less than 120 a minute with no serious arrhythmias. 5) Blood pressure is greater than 100 mm Hg systolic. In open-heart surgery, cardiac index, greater than two liters/minute/m2 without intraaortic balloon pump therapy, and chest tube drainage less than 100 ml/hour. If the patient is stable 15 to 30 minutes after the IMV rate is changed, continue decreasing the IMV rate by two breaths a minute every 15 to 30 minutes. Continue as long as the patient’s SpO2 stays above 92%, his ETCO2 is less than 40 mm Hg, and hemodynamic values are acceptable. Stop when the IMV rate equals two breaths a minute. 6) adjust the FIO2 to 0.4 in increments of 0.05 to 0.1 as long as the patient’s SpO2 is above 92%. 7) If the patient is receiving positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of more than five cm H2O, decrease PEEP by five cm H2O every 30 minutes until PEEP is equal to five cm H2O, as long as the patient SpO2 is above 92%. Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers 8) Get an arterial blood gas analysis as needed and report the anesthesia consultant if the patient SpO2 falls below 92% or ETCO2 rises above 40 mm Hg or if he shows any signs of agitation or distress. 9) Discontinue weaning if the patient cannot maintain acceptable hemodynamic, neurological, or respiratory parameters. Return to previous ventilator settings and notify the anesthetist. 10) When the IMV rate equals two breaths a minute, get an arterial blood gas analysis, and correlate the results with the patient’s SpO2 and ETCO2 values. Get pulmonary function tests; the patient’s tidal volume should be greater than 5 cc/kg, spontaneous respiratory rate between 8 and 30 breaths/minute, vital capacity greater than 15 cc/kg, minute ventilation less than 10 liters/minute, and maximal inspiratory pressure less than -20 cm H2O. If readiness to wean criteria, haemodynamic, and lung mechanics criteria are met, place the patient on a T-tube at the current FIO2 and perform a spontaneous breathing trial. 11) Get an arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis if the patient tolerates the spontaneous breathing trial for 30 minutes (as evidenced by the patient ability to stay on the T-piece with acceptable neurological, hemodynamic, and respiratory parameters). 12) If the ABG results are in the acceptable criteria range, the patient will be extubated. Place the patient on supplemental oxygen at 5 to 6 liters/minute via nasal cannula (passive ventilation) to keep his Spo2 over 92%. References Pruitt, B. (2006). Weaning patients from mechanical ventilation. Nursing, 36 (9), 36-41. Frutos-Vivar, F. and Esteban, A (2003). When to wean from a ventilator: An evidence-based strategy. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 70 (5), 389-400.

Essay on the Voice of Janie in Their Eyes Were Watching God

The Powerful Voice of Janie in Their Eyes Were Watching God The world of Janie Crawford in Their Eyes Were Watching God was one of oppression and disappointment. She left the world of her suffocating grandmother to live with a man whom she did not love, and in fact did not even know. She then left him to marry another man who offered her wealth in terms of material possessions but left her in utter spiritual poverty. After her second husband's death, she claims responsibility and control of her own life, and through her shared love with her new husband, Teacake, she is able to overcome her status of oppression. Zora Neale Hurston artfully and effectively shows this victory over oppression throughout the book through her use of language. Her use of such stylistic devices as free indidrect discourse and signifting allow her to use language as power; the power for a black woman to realize her own potential. The voice which Hurston creates is marked by her intertwining of black vernacular and standard English to create a seemless, fluid narration. The combination of the two seemingly dichotomous aspects of language is called the "speakerly text" by Henry Louis Gates in his essay of the same name, and is also more commonly called free indirect discourse. The scene in which Mayor Starks, Janie's husband, has erected the new street lamp for the town, exemplifies Hurston's use of free indirect discourse. Janie and her husband first speak to each other using the recognizable black dialect of the region: "Well, honey, how yuh like bein' Mrs. Mayor?" "It's all right Ah reckon, but don't yuh think it keeps us in a kinda strain?" The omniscient third person narrator then captures J... ...pjc.cc.fl.us/hooks/Zora.html Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. New York: Harper & Row, 1937. Johnson, Barbara. "Metaphor, Metonymy and Voice in Their Eyes Were Watching God." Modern Critical Interpretations: Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Kubitschek, Missy Dehn. " 'Tuh de Horizon and Back': The Female Quest in Their Eyes Were Watching God." Modern Critical Interpretations: Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Pondrom, Cyrena N. "The Role of Myth in Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God." American Literature 58.2 (May 1986): 181-202. Williams, Shirley Anne. Forward. Their Eyes Were Watching God. By Zora Neale Hurston. New York: Bantam-Dell, 1937. xv.

A Better Understanding of Major Characters :: Essays Papers

A Better Understanding of Major Characters (1) In many plays, the minor characters['] only purpose is to establish a main aspect of a major character. A "foil" is a minor character in literary work who by the similarities and differences in what he or she does (as compared to a more important character). [Frag - 1] It is to help the audience and reader get a better understanding of the more important character. In the play Hamlet , [sic] foils are used to establish a major point that would be hidden if they were not used. There are many foils[,] but Hamlet/Laertes and Hamlet/King Hamlet will be the only ones explored in this essay. [Very weak thesis -- What point is this essay going to try to make about them?] (2) King Hamlet and Hamlet, father and son, not only share the same last name, but also have many other similar characteristics. Both men share the belief that King Hamlet was hurt so terribly by Cladius that it ruined and ended his life in the living world. [This suggests that he had a life in some other world. As I think about it, I guess he did -- in the world of ghosts. But then, do ghosts have a "life?" As I think about these things, my eyes have kept reading, and now I am lost. Had the writer gone on to explain, I couldn't complain, but the writer dropped the topic.] The cause of both of their deaths was due to poisoning, by this horrid man. These two loving men are very well liked by everyone around them. The similarities of the King and his heir to the throne puts [SV Agr - 1] into perspective the fact that Cladius is a horrible man who both of them were terribly wronged by. ["Perspective" needs more explanation -- what perspective? Or do you simply mean "emphasizes "?] (3) Not only do these two have very similar characteristics, but they are very different in many ways to. [H 50] King Hamlet was a very serious man who always went through with deeds that needed to be done. [Examples?] On the other hand[,] Hamlet is a very indecisive man. This is proved by the fact that he was very hesitant to fallow [sic; H 50] through with his father's request to avenge his death.

Jill Bolte Taylor’s Stroke of Insight

Report I Title: Jill Bolte Taylor's stroke of insight Link: http://www. ted. com/talks/jill_bolte_taylor_s_powerful_stroke_of_insight. html Speaker: Jill Bolte Taylor Affiliation: http://www. drjilltaylor. com Jill Bolte Taylor is a Harvard-trained and published neuroanatomist who dedicated her career to research into the severe mental illnesses. She had a stroke while she was researching about biological differences between healthy brains and brains of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizoaffective or bipolar disorder at1996.One of her blood vessel exploded on the left side of her brain and it caused the stroke. In the seminar, she explains her observations about the 4 hour after the stroke as a neuroanatomist. According to her experience she could not able to walk, talk read, write or recall any of her life. In this talk, initially she explains the major functions of the brain with a real human brain. Then she clarifies her stroke according to these functions. She tells the results of her bleeding step by step with examples and helps us to imagine a stroke.After all she finishes her speech with explaining her feelings after she survived and recovered. Beside Jill Bolte Taylor’s stroke of insight video, I watched videos about being happy â€Å"Dan Gilbert asks, Why are we happy? †, about intelligence of plants â€Å"Stefano Mancuso: The roots of plant intelligence† and about brain damages â€Å"VS Ramachandran on your mind†. I generally watched the videos about brain and intelligence because I interested in the human intelligence and brain functions. Mr.Gilbert’s talk showed me the effects of our psychological immune system to be happy, Mr. Mancuso’s talk represented me the intelligence of plants which is similar to animals’ and Mr. Ramachandran’s talk helped me to illustrate the brain functions of human while he was talking about the brain damages. All of these topics were interesting but I mo stly interested in Taylor’s topic because she had a disease which is about her researches and she survived from it without any permanent damage. I liked to hear this neuroanatomy specialist’s own life experiments about brain disease.Favorite quotes and sentences: â€Å"I essentially became an infant in a woman’s body. † â€Å"For those of you who understand computers, our right hemisphere functions like a parallel processor, while our left hemisphere functions like a serial processor. † About Jill Bolte Taylor’s stroke of insight video, I did not understand why and how she felt that she is in nirvana after she woke up after the surgery. I strongly recommend this video to the other students because it is one of the most interesting speech I have ever heard.

Alfred Binet

Among the most prominent persons in mental testing is Alfred Binet, who was born July 11, 1857, at Nice, France, and died in Paris on October 18, 1911. Binet completed a licence in law in 1878 and then pursued, but did not complete, a medical degree. Binet’s early interest in psychology was influenced by Charcot’s work in hypnosis. Binet then pursued other experimental topics, eventually arriving at his interest in mental testing. For much of his career, Binet served as director of the Laboratory of Physiological Psychology at the Sorbonne.Following a period of experimental research with Victor Henri, he accepted a collaborative research arrangement with Theodore Simon. Simon’s proximity to mentally retarded subjects and Binet’s membership with the Society for the Psychological Study of the Child formed the basis for significant research. Binet’s active involvement with the society led to his appointment to a study commission of the Ministry of Publ ic Instruction â€Å"from the vantage point of which he saw the compelling need to find a way to differentiate those children who could learn normally from those who could not† (Wolf, 1973, pp.21–22). After failing to obtain academic positions at three French universities, Binet produced with Theodore Simon, in 1905, the first intelligence scale â€Å"oriented to ‘tasks or behavior’ rather than to so-called faculties† (Wolf, 1973, p. 29). The scale was part of a more comprehensive process for differentiating normal and retarded children, and it was revised in 1908 and 1911. His test was introduced in America by Henry Goddard, who developed his own revision. The most popular American revision was that of Louis Terman in 1916. Binet’s scales ingrained the concept of mental age in testing for decades.The first experiments to catch his fancy involved the two-point threshold: the simultaneous stimulation of the skin by two compass points, and the determination of the conditions under which they were perceived as one or recognized as two. This procedure had already been the subject of much experimental investigation, and early psychologists had learned that the separation of points required to produce a sensation of â€Å"twoness† varies greatly with the part of the body stimulated—for example, it is some thirty times greater for the small of the back than for the tip of the index finger.Several theories had been proposed to account for these variations, focusing on the presumably varying distribution of nerves in different parts of the body. (Thorndike, R. M. , and D. F. Lohman, 1990). Binet conducted a few simple two-point threshold experiments on himself and some friends, and concluded that the theories he had read about were wrong in some of their details. He quickly wrote an article describing his experiments and offering a â€Å"corrected† theory. Always a graceful and persuasive writer, he succeede d in getting this published.Any pleasure at seeing his words in print was soon curtailed, however, because his article caught the critical attention of one Joseph Delboeuf (1831-1896), a Belgian physiologist who had done some important work on the two-point threshold which had been overlooked by Binet. Delboeuf published a critique stating that his own much moresystematic experiments did not agree with several of Binet's findings, and showing that he had already published a much more sophisticated version of Binet's theory long before.Binet had obviously rushed prematurely into print, and Delboeuf publicly humiliated him for it. (Thorndike, R. M. , and D. F. Lohman, 1990). Even Delboeuf's attack could not diminish Binet's ardor for psychology, however, and his next passion became the associationist psychology of John Stuart Mill, whom he would later call â€Å"my only master in psychology. † Binet was persuaded by Mill's arguments about the potentially unlimited explanatory p ower of associationism, and said as much in his second venture into psychological publication. (Joy A.Palmer, Liora Bresler, David E. Cooper, 2003) Yet Binet was once again treading upon dangerous ground. Associationism as a psychological doctrine clearly had its merits, but by 1883 much evidence had already accumulated to show that it could not stand as a complete explanation of mental phenomena, even after any possible innate factors were placed aside. In particular, associationism was ill equipped to account for varying motivational influences on thought, or for many of the unconscious phenomena that were coming to increasing attention at that time.Thus the laws of association were hard pressed to explain, by themselves, why a particular starting thought can lead to totally different trains of associations, depending on the motivational state of the individual. Phenomena such as post-hypnotic amnesia posed another difficulty for exclusively associationistic theory. When a recentl y hypnotized subject was asked what happened while he was hypnotized and failed to remember, he provided an example of disassociation of ideas.The stimulus of the question failed to bring in its train the associated ideas and memories, including the answer, which one would normally expect. Mill's laws of association had nothing to say about how ideas could become disconnected, or â€Å"dissociated,† from each other. (Joy A. Palmer, Liora Bresler, David E. Cooper, 2003) This time Binet recognized the deficiencies in his psychology without help from a Delboeuf, and took steps to remedy them. But even though he was soon to augment his associationism, he never lost respect for its great though incomplete explanatory power.Years later, when he attacked the problem of assessing intelligence, he would not be restricted, as Galton and Cattell had been, to the consideration of presumably innate factors such as sensory acuity or neurological efficiency. Instead, Binet would argue that â€Å"intelligence† whatever else it was could never be isolated from the actual experiences, circumstances, and personal associations of the individual in question. (Joy A. Palmer, Liora Bresler, David E. Cooper, 2003) Among Binet’s achievements was the founding (with Dr. Henri Beaunis) of the first French psychology journal, L’Annee psychologique, in 1895.He was a significant figure in early French psychology, and the studies of his two daughters likely influenced the subsequent research of Jean Piaget. Though Binet was neither trained nor served as a school psychologist, he has had an enormous impact on the practice of school psychology. References: Joy A. Palmer, Liora Bresler, David E. Cooper. Fifty Major Thinkers on Education: From Confucius to Dewey; Routledge, 2003 Thorndike, R. M. , and D. F. Lohman. A century of ability testing. Chicago: Riverside, 1990 Wolf, T. H. Alfred Binet. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973